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Mikagura-uta
Tenrikyo scripture with liturgical prayers From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Mikagura-uta (みかぐらうた or 御神楽歌, The Songs for the Service) is one of the three Tenrikyo scriptures, along with the Ofudesaki and the Osashizu. It was composed by the foundress of Tenrikyo, Miki Nakayama, from 1866 to 1875, and revised to its current version in 1882.[1]
The Mikagura-uta is the liturgical book of the Service (otsutome), a religious ritual that has a central place in Tenrikyo.[2] During the Service, the text to the Mikagura-uta is sung together with dance movements and musical accompaniment.
The Mikagura-uta is also used in most Tenrikyo-derived religions, including Honmichi,[3] Honbushin, Kami Ichijokyo,[4] among others.
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Etymology and meaning
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"Mikagura-uta" can be subdivided into three sections. Mi is an honorific prefix. The word kagura is a generic term for any performance for a deity or deities in Japan. Although kagura are usually associated with Shinto shrines, there is also historical evidence of their association with Shugendō[5] and Buddhist schools such as Shingon.[6] The word uta (歌 or うた) simply means "song" or "songs."
It is unknown when “Mikagura-uta” became the standardized title.[7] During the years from 1867 and 1887, a variety of titles were used, with the most common being "Juni-kudari o-tsutome (no) uta" (十二下りおつとめ[の]歌, the Twelve Songs of the Service).[8] The earliest evidence of the current title dates to October 1888, when the songs was first formally published by Tenrikyo as "御かぐら歌."[9] However, since the kanji character 御 could potentially be read either as "O" and "On" in addition to "Mi,"[7] it still cannot be said with absolute certainty when “Mikagura-uta” became the standard title (in the past it was referred to sometimes as "Okagura-uta").
The original manuscript of the Mikagura-uta is lost; it was either confiscated by the authorities or it was connected to persecution and interference.[10]
The first time the title of the Mikagura-uta took its current written form (only in hiragana) was in 1928, when the scripture was distributed to all churches to commemorate Shozen Nakayama’s marriage.[11]
Tenrikyo Church Headquarters published an English initial draft translation of the Mikagura-uta in 1967.[12] The English official first edition of the Mikagura-uta was published in 1972.
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Content and style
The Mikagura-uta is a scripture that is meant to be sung, danced with hand and feet movements, and accompanied by nine musical instruments. The scripture is sung in the style of a Japanese popular traditional song. The fifth section of the Mikagura-uta, the Twelve Songs, takes the form of a counting song, each song starting from one to ten. Nakayama Miki has been said to describe the nature of the counting song as "like children playing shuttlecock during the New Year's season, singing 'One, Two.'"[13] The scripture was originally written in Japanese cursive syllabary (kana).[14]
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Composition
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Songs for the Kagura Service
According to Tenrikyo followers, the Kagura Service (kagura-zutome かぐらづとめ) "reenacts God's creation of humankind" around the spot humankind was conceived (called the Jiba), located at Tenrikyo Church Headquarters in Tenri, Nara.[15] Therefore, the Kagura Service can only be performed in one place. However, the songs are also sung during the Seated Service, which substitutes for the Kagura Service at all other church ceremonies, and which also can be performed individually or in a group. At the worship hall of the Tenrikyo Church Headquarters' Main Sanctuary, which surrounds the Jiba, the songs are constantly sung by seated worshippers performing the hand movements.
Section One
In the autumn of 1866, Nakayama taught section one, which was originally worded,
- あしきはらいたすけたまい / てんりわうのみこと Ashiki harai, tasuke tamae, / Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto.
- Sweep away evils and save us, / Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto.
In 1882, Nakayama altered the wording to the text used today:
- あしきをはらうてたすけたまえ / てんりわうのみこと Ashiki o harōte tasuke tamae, / Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto.
- Sweeping away evils, please save us, / Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto.
The revised 1882 version of Section One is the most commonly sung verse in Tenrikyo.
Section Two
Four years later, in 1870, Nakayama taught section two:
| ちよとはなしかみのいふこときいてくれ | Choto hanashi Kami no yū koto kiite kure | Just a word: Listen to what God says. |
| あしきのことはいはんでな | Ashiki no koto wa iwan dena | I never tell you anything wrong. |
| このよのぢいとてんとをかたどりて | Kono yō no ji to ten to o katadorite | Representing heaven and earth |
| ふうふをこしらへきたるでな | Fūfu o koshirae kitaru dena | I have created husband and wife. |
| これハこのよのはじめだし | Kore wa kono yo no hajime dashi | This is the beginning of the world. |
| (なむてんりわうのみこと よし よし) | (Namu Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto. Yoshi yoshi) |
Section Three
Then in 1875, Nakayama taught section three, which was originally worded,
- あしきはらいたすけたまい / いちれつすますかんろふだい Ashiki harai, tasuke tamae, Ichiretsu sumasu Kanrodai.
In 1882, she altered the wording to the text used today:
- あしきをはらうてたすけせきこむ / いちれつすましてかんろだい Ashiki o harōte, tasuke sekikomu / Ichiretsu sumashite Kanrodai.
- Sweeping away evils, hasten to save us. / All humankind equally purified, / The Kanrodai.
Songs for the Dance with Hand Movements
Section Four
In 1870, Nakayama taught section four, the "Eight Verses of the Yorozuyo" (よろづよ八首), in 1870. This was the last section to be composed.
Section Five
This section, known as the "Twelve Songs," was composed between January and August 1867. From 1867 to 1870, Nakayama taught her adherents the melodies and movements to accompany her texts.[16]
Tenrikyo scholar Ueda Yoshinaru (上田嘉成) has suggested themes for each song:
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History
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One of the first recorded instances of performing the Mikagura-uta in public can be found in Shinmei Ashizu no Michi (真明芦津の道, "The History of Shinmei Ashizu Fellowship"):
"Some 30 to 50 followers gathered to do the Service of the Twelve Songs, the Teodori, every night at the fellowship in Honden (Osaka). They danced enthusiastically by beating the taiko, whose drumhead was worn out within three months. It was so lively that they sometimes had neighbors complaining. So they practiced the Teodori in vacant lots or on the Kunitsu Bridge near the fellowship. They made strenuous efforts in holding lessons until dawn...When members went to the house of a sick person to pray, they gathered with the musical instruments for the service. Before performing the service, they purified themselves with water ablutions. And they danced the Mikagura-uta softly beside the sick so as not to stir the slightest vibration on the tatami mat. They danced three times in the morning, three times in the afternoon, and three times in the evening. In this way the pouring of water and dancing were repeated."[28]
Another account by Masui Rin, who attended to Nakayama Miki towards the end of her life, goes:
"We made a 'three-day and three-night prayer' to God to save a person. There were six followers for the Otefuri, two singers (jikata), eight or nine people in total visited the sick person and danced the Mikagura-uta. Saving a person through the Mikagura-uta was very popular and common."[29]
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Translations
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The Mikagura-uta has been translated into English, Russian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, German, Bengali, Hindi, Nepali, Tagalog, Indonesian, Thai, Chinese (traditional), Korean,[30] Vietnamese, Mongolian, and Kikongo.[31] The traditional Chinese translation uses poetic seven-character (七言) lines.
Some translations published by the Tenrikyo Church Headquarters as paperback books are:
Songs for the Kagura
Below are the official translations of the Song(s) for the Kagura (かぐらのうた, Kagura no Uta), consisting of Sections 1–3, in various languages. The Japanese original, in hiragana and romaji, is also given for reference.
The Kongo version, translated for the Tenrikyo church in Brazzaville, is given below. The current French version is provided on the right for reference, since the Kongo version was based on an earlier French translation.[31]
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Variants in Tenrikyo-derived religions
Some Tenrikyo-derived religions use variants of the Mikagura-uta in their rituals and worship services. For example, Kami no uta (神のうた), which is nearly identical to the Mikagura-uta but with some variations, is used by Tenrin-Ō Kyōkai (転輪王教会), which was founded by Imai Sōjirō (今井惣治郎) in 1866. Tenrin-Ō Meisei Kyōdan (天輪王明誠教団), founded by Oku Rokubē (奥六兵衛) in 1881, uses the Twelve-part Kagura-uta (十二段神楽歌). Ide Kuniko (井出国子) (1863–1947), founder of the Asahi Jinja (朝日神社, Asahi jinja) in Miki, Hyōgo, utilized the Nisei Mikagura-uta (二世御かぐら歌) (lit. 'Second-generation Mikagura-uta').[32]
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References
Further reading
External links
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