Narsai

For other uses, see Narsai (disambiguation).

Narsai (sometimes spelt Narsay, Narseh or Narses; Classical Syriac: ܢܪܣܝ, romanized: Narsay, name derived from Pahlavi Narsēh from Avestan Nairyō.saȵhō, meaning 'potent utterance'; c. 399 – c. 502) was one of the foremost of the poet-theologians of the early Church of the East, perhaps equal in stature to Jacob of Serugh, both second only to Ephrem the Syrian. He is venerated as a saint in all the modern descendants of the Church of the East; the Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Church of the East, Ancient Church of the East, and Syro-Malabar Catholic Church. Saint Narsai is known as the 'Flute of the Holy Spirit.'

Saint Narsai
Born	c. 399 ‘Ain Dulba (ܥܝܢ ܕܘܠܒܐ) (modern-day Iraq)
Died	c. 502 Nisibis, Sassanid Empire (modern-day Nusaybin, Mardin, Turkey)
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church Assyrian Church of the East Ancient Church of the East Syro Malabar Church Chaldean Catholic Church

Although many of his works seem to have been lost, around eighty of his mēmrē (ܡܐܡܖ̈ܐ), or verse homilies are extant.

Life

Narsai was born at ‘Ain Dulba (ܥܝܢ ܕܘܠܒܐ "Plane Tree Spring") in the district of Ma‘alləta (ܡܥܠܬܐ) in the Sasanian Empire (now in Duhok Governorate, Iraq).^[1]: 2 Being orphaned at an early age, he was raised by his uncle, who was head of the monastery of Kfar Mari (ܕܝܪܐ ܕܟܦܪ ܡܪܝ) near Beth Zabdai (ܒܝܬ ܙܒܕܝ). Narsai spent ten years as a student at the School of Edessa and later returned there to teach (c. 437), eventually becoming head of the school. Perhaps in 471, Narsai left Edessa after disagreeing with the city's bishop Cyrus (471–498). With the help of his friend Barsauma, who was bishop of Nisibis (although Narsai and Barsauma's wife do not seem to have seen eye-to-eye), Narsai re-established the School of Nisibis.^[1]: 3 When his former school was ordered closed by Byzantine emperor Zeno in 489, it seems that many of his faithful staff and students came to join Narsai in Nisibis. Evidence from the first Statutes of the School of Nisibis, drafted in 496, shows that Narsai was still alive, and he must have been a venerable old teacher in his nineties. Narsai died sometime early in the sixth century^[2] and was buried in Nisibis in a church that was later named after him. Joseph Huzaya was one of his pupils.

Narsai's extant works belong to the distinctive Syriac literary genre of the mēmrā, or homily in verse. He employs two different metres — one with couplets of seven syllables per line, the other with twelve. The mêmrê were designed to be recited in church or religious school, each an exposition of a particular theme. The later Syriac writer Abdisho bar Berika of Nisibis suggests that Narsai wrote 360 mēmrē in twelve volumes along with prose commentaries on large sections of the Old Testament and a book entitled On the Corruption of Morals.^[1]: 6 However, only eighty mēmrē remain, and none of his prose works.

Homilies

Hundreds of works have been attributed to Narsai, but only just over 80 of his homilies (mēmrē) have survived. Some surviving sogitha are also attributed to Narsai, but they are considered spurious.^[3] The homilies are all poetry, and most use 12-syllable metre, with a minority using 7-syllable meter. Most, if not all, of Narsai's homilies involve biblical exegesis across liturgical, moral, and theological subjects.^[4]

In 1905, Alphonse Mingana published a two-volume work with the Syriac text of 47 of these homilies. In 1970, a photographic reproduction of a manuscript with 72 of Narsai's homilies was published by Patriarchal Press. Two numbering systems are used for Narsai's homilies: one by Mingana, and a second by Macomber,^[5] in his 1970 inventory of Narsai's manuscripts.^[6]

List of Narsai's homilies

Name[7]	Number (Macomber)[7]	Number (Mingana)[6]	Translations	Additional notes
On Revelations to Patriarchs and Prophets (I)	1	1	English[8]
On Revelations to Patriarchs and Prophets (II)	2	2
On Revelations to Abraham	3	3	English[9]
On the Nativity	4	-	English[10]
On Mary (On the Incarnation)	5	-	English[11][12]
On Epiphany	6	-	English[13]
On John the Baptist	7	-	English[14]
On Peter and Paul	8	4	English[15] German[16]
On the Four Evangelists	9	-
On Stephen	10	5	English[17]
On the Three Doctors	11	-	French[18]
On the Iniquity of the World	12	6	English[19]
On Supplication (On Prayer)	13	7	English[20]
On Jonah	14	8	English[21][22]
On Reproof	15	9
On Human Nature	16	16	English[23]
For Any Saints Day	17	-
On the Departed and the Resurrection	18	-	French[24][25]
On Works	19	-
On Lent I	20	10
On the Temptation of Christ (1)	21	-	English[26]
On the Temptation of Christ (2)	22	-
On Lent III	23	11
On Lent IV	24	12
On Reproof	25	13
On Lent V	26	14
On the Parable of the Ten Virgins	27	15	French[27]
On the Raising of Lazarus	28	-
On Palm Sunday (1)	29	-
On Palm Sunday (2)	30	-
Against the Jews	31	18	Italian[28]
On the Canaanite Women	32	-	English[29]
On the Prodigal Son	33	-	French[30]
On Holy Week	34	19
On the Mysteries	35	17	English[31] French[32]	Probable forgery[33]
On the Passion	36	-	McLeod[34]
On the Repentant Thief	37	20	English[35]
On Mysteries and Baptism	38	21	English[36] French[37][32]
On Baptism	39	22	English[38] French[39]
On the Resurrection	40	-	McLeod[40]
On the Confessors	41	24
On the Martyrs (1)	42	25
On the Martyrs (2)	43	-		Probable forgery
On New Sunday (On the New Creation)	44	26	English[41]
On the Ascension	45	-	McLeod[42]
On Pentecost	46	27
On the Workers in the Vineyard	47	28	French[43]
On the Rich Man and Lazarus	48	28	French[44]
On Creation IV (On the Forming of Adam and Eve)	49	29	English[45] French[46][47]
On Humility	50	-
On the Antichrist	51	23
On the Second Coming	52	23	French[48]
On the Wheat and the Tares	53	-	French[49]
On the Finding of the Cross	54	30
On the Bronze Serpent	55	-	English[50]
On the Dedication of the Church	56	-
On the Tabernacle	57	-	English[51]
On Isaiah's Vision	58	31	English[52]
On the Church and the Priesthood	59	32	English[53]
On the Dedication of the Church	60	33	English[54] German[55]
On Creation II	61	34	French[56][57]
On Creation III	62	35	English[58] French[59]
On Creation I	63	36	French[60][61]
On Creation V	64	37	French[62]
On Creation VI	65	38	French[63] German[64]
On the Soul	66	39	German[65]
On the Blessing of Noah	67	-	English[66]
On the Tower of Babel	68	-	English[67]
On Job	69	40
On Joseph	70	41
On the Flood	71	-	English[68]
On the Miracles of Moses	72	42
On Samson	73	43
On David and Saul	74	-
On Solomon	75	-
On Enoch and Elijah	76	-	English[69]
On the Three Children	77	44
On Reproof of the Clergy	78	45
On Reproof	79	46
On Reproof of Women	80	47	English[70]
On John 1:14 (On Christology)	81	-	English[71]
On the Feast of the Victorious Cross	82
(Title Unknown)	83
(Title Unknown)	84

Syriac editions

• Major collection of Narsai's works, containing the full text of 47 memre and the incipits of 34 more — Mingana, Alphonse (1905). Narsai Doctoris Syri Homiliæ et Carmina (in Syriac and Latin). Mosul.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Published translations

English

• Butts, Aaron; Heal, Kristian; Kitchen, Robert, eds. (2024). Narsai: The Homilies: Volume 1. Peeters.
• Connolly, Dom R.H. (1909). The liturgical homilies of Narsai. Cambridge University Press.
  • Four mēmrē on baptism and eucharist
• Frishman, Judith (1992). The ways and means of the divine economy : an edition, translation and study of six biblical homilies by Narsai (PhD thesis). Leiden University.
• Harrak, Amir (2018). Mar Narsai: Homily 33 on the Sanctification of the Church. Gorgias Press.
• Kuzhuppil, Thomas (2006). The Vision of the Prophet Isaiah: A Theological Study of Narsai's Interpretation of Isaiah 6. Institutum Patristicum Augustinianum.
• McLeod, Frederick G., ed. (1979). Narsai's metrical homilies on the Nativity, Epiphany, Passion, Resurrection, and Ascension: critical edition of Syrica text. François Graffin. Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Five mēmrē on dominical feasts — Christmas, Epiphany, Passion of Jesus, Easter, and Ascension of Jesus — these show Narsai's christological opposition to Cyril of Alexandria in a few places
• Molenberg, Corrie (1993). "Narsai's Memra on the Reproof of Eve's Daughters and the 'Tricks and Devices' they Perform". Le Muséon. 106 (1–2): 65–87.
• Walters, J. Edward (2021). Eastern Christianity: A Reader. Eerdmans.
• Younan, Andrew, ed. (2024). Narsai: Selected Sermons. Paulist Press.

French

• Brouwers (1965). "Premier poème de Narsaï sur le Baptême". Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph. 41: 177–207.
• Delly, E. (1959). "Le 23e 'Memra' de Narsai". Divinitas. 3: 514–553.
• Frishmann, J., ed. (1992). Narsai's Memre on Old testament Topics. University of Leiden (dissertation).
  • Six mēmrē on Old Testament topics —on Enoch and Elijah, the Genesis flood narrative, Blessings of Noah, the Tower of Babel, the Tabernacle, and the Nehushtan
• Martin, F (1900). "Homélie de Narsaï sur les trois Docteurs". Journal Asiatique. 15: 469–525. Archived from the original on December 21, 2006.
  • Memra on the Three Doctors (Diodorus of Tarsus, Nestorius, and Theodore of Mopsuestia)
• Guillaumont, Antoine (1956). "Poème de Narsaï sur le baptême". L'Orient Syrian. 1 (2): 189–207.
• Gignoux, Philippe, ed. (1968). Homélies de Narsaï sur la création: Édition critique du texte syriaque. Patrologia Orientalis 34, fasc. 3–4 (in French). Turnhout/Paris: Brepols.
  • Six mēmrē on creation
• Gignoux, Philippe (1962). "Homélie de Narsai sur la création d'Adam et d'Eve et sur la transgression du commandement". L'Orient Syrian. 7: 307–336.
• Gignoux, Philippe (1962b). "Homélie de Narsai sur la création du monde". L'Orient Syrian. 7: 477–506.
• Gignoux, Philippe (1963). "Sur les mystères de l'église et sur le baptême". In Hamman, A. (ed.). L'Initiation chrétienne. Bernard Grasset. pp. 195–213.
• Gignoux, Philippe (1963b). "Sur l'exposition des mystères". In Hamman, A. (ed.). L'Initiation chrétienne. Bernard Grasset. pp. 214–247.
• Gignoux, Philippe (1963c). "Homélie de Narsai sur le mot 'au commencement' et sur I'Essence divine". L'Orient Syrian. 8: 227–250.
• Gignoux, Philippe (1966). "Les doctrines eschatologiques de Narsai". L'Orient Syrian. 11: 321–352, 461–488.
• Gignoux, Philippe (1967). "Les doctrines eschatologiques de Narsai". L'Orient Syrian. 12: 23–54.
• Kruger, Paul (1958). "Traduction et commentaire de l'homélie de Narsaï sur les martyrs. Contribution à l'étude du culte des martyrs dans le nestorianisme primitif". L'Orient Syrien. 3: 299–316.
• Siman, Emmanuel Pataq, ed. (1984). Cinq homélies sur les paraboles évangéliques (in French). Paris: Cariscript.
  • Five mēmrē on Parables of Jesus — of the Ten Virgins, of the Prodigal Son, of the rich man and Lazarus, of the Workers in the Vineyard, and of the Tares

German

• Allgeier, Arthur (1917). "Der König und die Königin des 44. (45.) Psalmes im Lichte des N. Test. und der altchristlichen Auslegung. Ein Beitrag zur Begriffsgeschichte der Sponsa Christi". Der Katholik. 19 (3): 145–173.
• Allgeier, Arthur (1922). "Ein syrischer Memrâ über die Seele religionsgeschichtlichem Rahmen". Archiv fiir Religionswissenschaft. 21: 360–396.
• Kruger, Paul (1952). "Die älteste syrisch-nestorianische Dokument über die Engel". Ostkirchliche Studien. 1: 283–296.
• Kruger, Paul (1958b). "Ein Missionsdokument aus frühchristlicher Zeit. Deutung und Übersetzung des Sermo de memoria Petri et Pauli des Narsai". Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft und Religions wissenschaft. 42: 271–291.

Italian

• Mingana, Paul T. (2003). E saranno benedetti nel tuo seme tutti i popoli della terra : uno studio di Pshitta Gn 22, 15-18 nell'esegesi di Mar Narsai, tesi di laurea in Teologia Biblica / Paul T. Mingana. Pontificia Universitas Urbaniana.

See also

• Romanos the Melodist