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October 2022 European tornado outbreak

European tornado outbreak in October 2022 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

October 2022 European tornado outbreak
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On 23 October 2022, Storm Beatrice spawned multiple severe thunderstorms across parts of Europe, including tornadic supercells in parts of France and embedded circulations in the mesoscale convective system that impacted parts of England. Fourteen tornadoes were confirmed as a result of the outbreak, some of which were strong and caused major damage. The most significant tornadoes of the outbreak occurred in France, including two IF2 tornadoes, and an intense IF3 tornado that caused major damage in multiple towns. The most severe damage from the IF3 tornado occurred in Bihucourt, where numerous brick homes and other buildings had roofs torn off and exterior walls collapsed. The Bihucourt tornado was the strongest tornado in France since an IF3 tornado caused significant damage near Étrochey on 19 June 2013. One of the IF2 tornadoes struck Beuzeville while the other impacted Gaudechart, with significant damage occurring in both towns. In addition to the tornadoes, numerous reports of flooding, hail, and damaging straight-line winds were also received. Despite the severity of the damage, no fatalities occurred as a result of the tornadoes, though a few injuries were reported.[4][5]

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Meteorological synopsis

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On 23 October 2022, an unusually favorable late-season severe weather environment developed across northern France, southern England, and the Low Countries, resulting in one of the most significant European tornado outbreaks in recent decades. The event occurred within a strongly forced synoptic regime associated with Storm Béatrice, a deep Atlantic extratropical cyclone that tracked northeastward toward western Europe.[1]

At upper levels, a pronounced longwave trough extended from the North Atlantic into western Europe, with its axis positioned west of France during the morning hours. A powerful southwesterly jet stream, with wind speeds locally exceeding 50–70 m/s at 250–300 hPa, overspread France and the southern North Sea during the afternoon, placing the affected region beneath the left-exit region of the jet streak, which enhanced large-scale ascent.[6] At the surface, Storm Béatrice deepened to approximately 986 hPa near Brittany, drawing a warm and moist air mass northward ahead of an advancing cold front. This resulted in southerly to south-southeasterly low-level flow across northern France and the English Channel, with unseasonably high temperatures reaching 22–24°C in parts of northern France which were values well above climatological norms for late October.[1]

Despite the late-season timing, thermodynamic conditions were sufficient to support deep convection. Model analyses and observations indicated MLCAPE values generally between 500 and 1000 J/kg, locally exceeding 1200 J/kg in northern France, aided by steep mid-level lapse rates associated with cold air aloft and high low-level moisture content.[6] The wind profile was exceptionally favorable for rotating storms. Deep-layer shear (0–6 km) frequently exceeded 25–35 m/s, while low-level shear (0–1 km) reached 15–20 m/s, producing long, curved hodographs. Storm-relative helicity values in the lowest kilometer locally exceeded 200–300 m²/s², supporting the development of supercells capable of producing tornadoes, including strong tornadoes where instability and low-level shear overlapped most effectively.[6]

Thunderstorm initiation began during the late morning hours over western and central France along the advancing cold front and associated convergence zones. By early afternoon, several storms rapidly intensified into discrete supercells, particularly across northern France. These storms tracked northeastward at high forward speeds, sustained by the strong mid-level flow, and produced large hail, damaging winds, and numerous tornadoes, including long-tracked tornadoes that persisted across multiple regions.[1] Farther north, convection evolved into a fast-moving mesoscale convective system, with embedded mesovortices producing additional tornadoes across southern England and later Belgium, even as surface-based instability gradually diminished toward evening.[6]

The European Storm Forecast Experiment (ESTOFEX) issued a Level 2 convective outlook for northwestern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands on 23 October 2022, highlighting the risk of damaging winds and tornadoes, including the potential for strong tornadoes given the extreme low-level shear and sufficient instability. A surrounding Level 1 area extended into southern England and adjacent regions for a lower but non-negligible risk of severe convective weather.[6]

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Confirmed tornadoes

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23 October event

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Bihucourt, France

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This intense tornado touched down and moved northeast as it produced intermittent but clearly convergent vegetation damage across farmland, with shrubs flattened and tree branches snapped along a broad corridor. Entering the Ancre river valley, the vortex interacted with the low-lying terrain, causing scattered tree damage along the river, railway corridor, and adjacent meadows, with branches torn from poplars, willows, and conifers and occasional trees leaning or uprooted. After an abrupt northward turn, the tornado strengthened while crossing wooded areas and agricultural land, snapping poplars, flattening shrubs, and scattering debris, including tarpaulins and metal sheets, before entering Pas-de-Calais.[4][1]

The tornado then intensified dramatically as it struck Bihucourt, engulfing much of the village within a narrow but violent core. Roofs were torn off homes, exterior and gable walls collapsed, sheds were twisted or destroyed, vehicles were displaced or overturned, concrete utility poles were bent or snapped, and heavy debris such as gates, roofs, and metal sheeting was hurled hundreds of meters. Nearly half of the affected homes were left uninhabitable, and fields surrounding the village were stripped of leaves and vegetation, indicating extreme suction. After leaving Bihucourt, the tornado maintained severe intensity through nearby woodlands and farmland, devastating forests, scattering debris over several kilometers, damaging large trees, and stripping crops before gradually weakening.[4][1]

Crossing additional agricultural areas, the tornado damaged large farm buildings, twisted metal structures, uprooted trees, and caused vehicle accidents on the A1 motorway as intense winds impacted traffic. It later weakened while continuing eastward, producing roof damage, broken trees, and scattered debris in several communities. Near the end of its path, the tornado caused localized structural damage, uprooted trees, and power outages before finally dissipating after a long and destructive track.[4][1]

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Impact and aftermath

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France

In northern France, emergency services were deployed across multiple departments following reports of tornadoes, destructive winds, and intense rainfall. Rail traffic was disrupted on several regional lines after debris and fallen trees obstructed tracks, while road closures were implemented due to unsafe conditions and downed power lines.[13] Thousands of households experienced power outages, particularly in the Hauts-de-France region, as electrical infrastructure was damaged by wind and falling debris. Local authorities activated emergency shelters in several communes to accommodate displaced residents, and damage assessments were initiated by civil protection agencies in coordination with insurance providers.[14]

Belgium

In Belgium, the storm system prompted emergency responses across parts of Hainaut Province, where municipalities reported widespread utility interruptions and hazardous travel conditions. Several local roads were temporarily closed, and rail traffic experienced delays due to fallen trees and debris near tracks.[15] Local authorities coordinated debris removal and infrastructure inspections, while fire brigades and civil protection units responded to hundreds of emergency calls related to storm damage. Public events were canceled in affected municipalities as a precaution during cleanup operations.[16]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, severe thunderstorms associated with the outbreak caused travel disruption across parts of southern England, including Greater London and the South East. Network Rail reported delays and temporary suspensions on several routes after fallen trees and debris obstructed rail lines, while road closures were enacted by local councils due to hazardous conditions.[17] Power outages affected thousands of customers, and emergency crews were dispatched to respond to reports of structural damage, fallen trees, and blocked roads. The Met Office issued multiple weather warnings during and after the event, advising the public to avoid non-essential travel while cleanup operations were underway.[18]

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See also

Notes

  1. All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency.

References

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