Octopodiformes

Octopodiformes is a superorder of the subclass Coleoidea, comprising the octopuses and the vampire squid. All living members of Octopodiformes have eight arms, either lacking the two tentacles of squid (as is the case in octopuses) or modifying the tentacles into thin filaments (as in vampire squid). Octopodiformes is often considered the crown group of octopuses and vampire squids, including all descendants of their common ancestor. Some authors use the term Vampyropoda for the same general category, though others use "Vampyropoda" to refer to the total group (all cephalopods closer to octopods than to true squid). Another term is Octobrachia, referring to cephalopods without prominent tentacles.^[4]

Octopodiformes Temporal range: Early Jurassic – recent[1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N The oldest fossils of stem-group octopods appeared in the Serpukhovian (late Mississippian)
Fossil of Proteroctopus from the Middle Jurassic of France, now thought to be a basal vampyropode or vampyromorph
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Cephalopoda
Clade:	Vampyropoda
Superorder:	Octopodiformes Fuchs, Von Boletzky, & Tischlinger, 2010[2]
Subgroups
See text.
Synonyms
Octobrachia Fiorini, 1981[3] Vampyropoda Boletzky, 1992[3]

It is considered one of the two extant groups of the Neocoleoidea.^[2]

Pohlsepia, originally described as earliest octopod is considered as dubious for this group in later study.^[1][4] Syllipsimopodi, a squid-like cephalopod from the Mississippian-age Bear Gulch Lagerstätte of Montana, was originally described as the oldest unambiguous vampyropod.^[4] However, further analyses might be necessary to unequivocally assign this cephalopod to Vampyropoda.^[5][6]

Syllipsimopodi has a combination of squid-like features (like 10 arms) and octopod-like features (like biserial suckers and a simplified internal shell).^[4]

Classification

• Class Cephalopoda
  • Subclass Nautiloidea: nautilus
  • Subclass †Ammonoidea: ammonites
  • Subclass Coleoidea
    • Superorder Decapodiformes: squid, cuttlefish
    • Clade Vampyropoda
      • Genus †Syllipsimopodi^[4]
      • Genus †Proteroctopus
      • Superorder Octopodiformes / Octobrachia
        • Family †Trachyteuthididae (incertae sedis)
        • Order Vampyromorphida: vampire squid
        • Clade: Muensterelloidea
          • Family: †Muensterellidae
          • Family: †Patelloctopodidae
          • Order Octopoda
            • Genus †Keuppia (incertae sedis)
            • Genus †Palaeoctopus (incertae sedis)
            • Genus †Paleocirroteuthis (incertae sedis)
            • Genus †Proteroctopus (incertae sedis)
            • Genus †Styletoctopus (incertae sedis)
            • Suborder Cirrina: finned deep-sea octopus
              • Family Opisthoteuthidae: umbrella octopus
              • Family Cirroteuthidae
              • Family Stauroteuthidae
            • Suborder Incirrina
              • Superfamily Octopodoidea^[7]
                • Family Amphitretidae^[8]
                  • subfamily Amphitretinae: telescope octopus
                  • subfamily Bolitaeninae: gelatinous octopus
                  • subfamily Vitreledonellinae
                • Family Bathypolypodidae
                • Family Eledonidae
                • Family Enteroctopodidae
                • Family Megaleledonidae
                • Family Bolitaenidae: gelatinous octopus
                • Family Octopodidae: benthic octopus
              • Superfamily Argonautoidea
                • Family Alloposidae: seven-arm octopus
                • Family Argonautidae: argonauts
                • Family Ocythoidae: tuberculate pelagic octopus
                • Family Tremoctopodidae: blanket octopus