| Factor (Molarity) |
SI prefix |
Value |
Item |
|---|
| 10−24 |
yM |
1.66 yM | 1 elementary entity per litre[1] |
| 8.5 yM | airborne bacteria in the upper troposphere (5100/m3)[2] |
| 10−23 | | |
| 10−22 | | |
| 10−21 | zM |
3.6 zM | solar neutrinos on Earth (6.5×1010 /cm2⋅s)[3] |
| 10−20 |
12 zM | radon in ambient, outdoor air in the United States (0.4 pCi/L ≈ 7000/L)[4] |
| 10−19 |
120 zM | indoor radon at the EPA's "action level" (4 pCi/L ≈ 70000/L)[5] |
| 686 zM | cosmic microwave background photons in outer space (413/cm3)[6] |
| 10−18 | aM | | |
| 10−17 | | |
| 10−16 | | |
| 10−15 | fM | 2 fM | bacteria in surface seawater (1×109/L)[7] |
| 10−14 |
20 fM | virions in surface layer North Atlantic seawater (10×109/L)[8] |
| 50–100 fM | gold in seawater[9] |
| 10−13 | | |
| 10−12 | pM | 7.51–9.80 pM | normal range for erythrocytes in blood in an adult male ((4.52–5.90)×1012/L)[10][11] |
| 10−11 |
10–100 pM | gold in undersea hydrothermal fluids[9] |
| 10−10 | 170 pM | upper bound for healthy insulin when fasting[12] |
| 10−9 | nM | 5 nM | inhaled osmium tetroxide is immediately dangerous to life or health (1 mg Os/m3)[13] |
| 10−8 | | |
| 10−7 | 101 nM | hydronium and hydroxide ions in pure water at 25 °C (pKW = 13.99)[14] |
| 10−6 | μM | | |
| 10−5 | | |
| 10−4 |
180–480 μM | normal range for uric acid in blood[10] |
| 570 μM | inhaled carbon monoxide induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breaths and death in < 3 min (12800 ppm)[15] |
| 10−3 |
mM |
0.32–32 mM | normal range of hydronium ions in stomach acid (pH 1.5–3.5)[16] |
| 5.5 mM | upper bound for healthy blood glucose when fasting[17] |
| 7.8 mM | upper bound for healthy blood glucose 2 hours after eating[17] |
| 10−2 |
cM |
20 mM | neutrinos during a supernova, 1 AU from the core (1058 over 10 s)[18] |
| 44.6 mM | pure ideal gas at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa[19] |
| 10−1 |
dM | 140 mM | sodium ions in blood plasma[10] |
| 480 mM | sodium ions in seawater[20] |
| 100 | M | 1 M | standard state concentration for defining thermodynamic activity[21] |
| 101 |
daM |
17.5 M |
pure (glacial) acetic acid (1.05 g/cm3)[22] |
| 40 M | pure solid hydrogen (86 g/L)[23] |
| 55.5 M | pure water at 3.984 °C, temperature of its maximum density (1.0000 g/cm3)[24] |
| 102 |
hM |
118.8 M | pure osmium at 20 °C (22.587 g/cm3)[25] |
| 140.5 M | pure copper at 25 °C (8.93 g/cm3) |
| 103 | kM | | |
| 104 | 24 kM | helium in the solar core (150 g/cm3 ⋅ 65%)[26] |
| 105 | | |
| 106 | MM | | |
| 107 | | |
| 108 | 122.2 MM | nuclei in a white dwarf from a 3 M☉ progenitor star (106.349 g/cm3)[27] |
| 109 | GM | | |
| 1010 | | |
| 1011 | | |
| 1012 | TM | | |
| 1013 | | |
| 1014 | | |
| 1015 | PM | | |
| 1016 | | |
| 1017 | 228 PM | nucleons in atomic nuclei (2.3×1017 kg/m3 = 1.37×1044/m3)[28] |
| 1018 | EM | | |
| ... | | | |
| 1077 | | 3.9×1077 M | the Planck concentration (2.4×10104/m3), inverse of the Planck volume |
|