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Padishah

Persian title From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Padishah (/ˌpɑːdɪˈʃɑː/; Persian: پادشاه pādshāh [pʰɒːdeˈʃɒːɦ] lit.'Master King')[a][b][c] is a superlative sovereign title of Persian origin.

A form of the word is known already from Middle Persian (or Pahlavi) as pātaxšā(h) or pādixšā(y).[3][4][5][6] Middle Persian pād may stem from Avestan paiti,[7] and is akin to Pati (title). Xšāy 'to rule' and xšāyaθiya 'king' are both from Old Persian.

It was adopted by several monarchs claiming the highest rank, roughly equivalent to the ancient Persian notion of "Great King", and later adopted by post-Achaemenid and the Mughal emperors of India. However, in some periods it was used more generally for autonomous Muslim rulers, as in the Hudud al-'Alam of the 10th century, where even some petty princes of Afghanistan are called pādshā(h)/pādshāʼi/pādshāy.[8]

The rulers on the following thrones – the first two effectively commanding major West Asian empires – were styled Padishah:

The compound Pādshah-i-Ghazi ('Victorious Emperor') is only recorded for two individual rulers:

  1. Ahmad Shah Durrani, Emperor of the Durrani Empire (r.1747–1772)
  2. Rustam-i-Dauran, Aristu-i-Zaman, Asaf Jah IV, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhunda 'Ali Khan Bahadur [Gufran Manzil], Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Ayn waffadar Fidvi-i-Senliena, Iqtidar-i-Kishwarsitan Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah-i-Ghazi, Nizam of Hyderabad (r.1829–1857)

Like many titles, the word Padishah was also often used as a name, either by nobles with other (in this case always lower) styles, or even by commoners.

Padshah Begum is the title of consorts of padishahs.

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Ottoman Empire

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Suleiman the Magnificent, longest reigning padishah of the Ottoman Empire. Portrait attributed to Titian c.1530.

In the Ottoman Empire the title padishah was exclusively reserved for the Ottoman emperor, as the Ottoman chancery rarely and unwillingly addressed foreign monarchs as padishahs. The Habsburg emperors were consequently denied this title and addressed merely as the "kings of Vienna" (beç kıralı).[15] With the Peace of Zsitvatorok in 1606, it was the first time that the Sublime Porte recognized Rudolf II as equal of the padishah.[16] The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774, gave similar concessions to the Russian Empire.[17]

In Ottoman sources

According to Ahmedi's İskendernâme, one of the earliest Ottoman sources, alongside the titles sultan and beg, Orhan and Murad I bore the title padishah as well.[18]

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Notes

  1. From Classical Persian pād [or Old Persian: *pati] 'master', and shāh 'king'.[1][2]
  2. Also romanised as padeshah, padshah or badshah.
  3. Known in other languages as padşah [pɑːtˈʃɑːh] (Azeri); پادشاه pâdişâh (Ottoman Turkish); padişah [paːdiˈʃaːh] (Modern Turkish); подшоҳ podshoh (Tajik); बादशाह/بادشاہ bādeśāh (Hindi–Urdu).

References

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