Panaeolus

Panaeolus is a genus of small, black-spored, saprotrophic agarics. The word Panaeolus is Greek for "all variegated", alluding to the spotted gills of the mushrooms produced.

Panaeolus
Panaeolus cinctulus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Bolbitiaceae
Genus:	Panaeolus (Fries) Quél.
Type species
Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.) Quél. 1872
Species
About 98[1] List of Panaeolus species
Synonyms[2]
List Campanularius Roussel (1806) Agaricus trF. Coprinarius Fr. (1821) Coprinarius (Fr.) P.Kumm. (1871) Anellaria P.Karst. (1879) Chalymmota P.Karst. (1879) Copelandia Bres. (1912)

Characteristics

These fungi are mostly dung and grassland species, some of which are quite common in Europe and North America. The gills of Panaeolus do not deliquesce (liquefy) as do the members of the related genera Coprinellus and Coprinopsis. Members of Panaeolus can also be mistaken for Psathyrella, however the latter genus is usually found growing on wood or lignin-enriched soils and has brittle stipes.

The gills of these mushrooms are black or grey and have a spotty, speckled or cloudy appearance, caused by the way that the dark spores ripen together in tiny patches on the gill surface; different patches darken at different times. The spores are smooth.^[3]

The closely related genus Panaeolina shares the spotted gills but they are dark brown (not black) and the spores are ornamented. This genus is sometimes treated as part of Panaeolus.^[4]

The spores are smooth or roughened, with a germ pore, and all species except for Panaeolus foenisecii have a jet black spore print.

Edibility

No members of Panaeolus are used for food, though some are used as a psychedelic drug. Thirteen species of Panaeolus contain the hallucinogen psilocybin^[5] including Panaeolus cyanescens and Panaeolus cinctulus. The bluing hallucinogenic members of this genus were sometimes previously segregated into a separate (but now deprecated) genus, Copelandia, but are now universally classified in Panaeolus.

All members of this genus contain serotonin derivatives.^[6]

Notable species

Main article: List of Panaeolus species

• Panaeolus acuminatus
• Panaeolus africanus
• Panaeolus antillarum
• Panaeolus bispora
• Panaeolus cambodginiensis
• Panaeolus cyanescens, psychoactive
• Panaeolus fimicola
• Panaeolus foenisecii (formerly Panaeolina foenisecii)
• Panaeolus olivaceus
• Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus
• Panaeolus papilionaceus var. parvisporus
• Panaeolus semiovatus var. phalaenarum
• Panaeolus semiovatus var. semiovatus
• Panaeolus cinctulus
• Panaeolus tropicalis