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Pannaria

Genus of lichen-forming fungi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pannaria
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Pannaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae.[2] These lichens form leaf-like, scaly, or crusty patches that typically arrange themselves in loose rosettes on tree bark in humid forests. Most species partner with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, though some contain green algae instead. The genus was established in 1828 and now includes about 80 recognized species found worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.

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Description

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Pannaria forms a thallus that can be leaf-like (foliose), a mosaic of tiny scales (squamulose), or a thin crust (crustose). Many species arrange their lobes in loose rosettes and, unlike several related genera, they rarely develop the blue-black felt (hypothallus) seen beneath other cyanobacterial lichens. The upper surface ranges from grey-blue to deep brown-black and may carry a light dusting of frost-like crystals (pruina). Most species partner with the filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc, but members of the Pannaria sphinctrina group instead contain green algal cells.[3]

The lichen's sexual fruiting bodies are sessile apothecia whose red-brown to black discs are framed by a persistent rim of thallus tissue. That rim has two zones: an outer layer of tightly packed, brick-like cells and an inner layer that is looser and packed with photobiont cells. A thin, pale exciple of pseudoparenchymatous cells surrounds the hymenium. The asci hold eight ascospores, show no blue reaction to potassium–iodide stain (K/I–) and lack the amyloid plug found in many related taxa. Their spores are colourless, single-celled, ellipsoidal and often end in one or two small points; the outer wall is finely warted or ridged.[3]

Asexual reproduction is limited to scattered pycnidia that release straight, rod-shaped conidia. Thin-layer chromatography usually detects no secondary metabolites, though some species contain pannarin, which produces an orange-red colour with the para-phenylenediamine (Pd) spot test.[3]

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Photobiont

Like most members of the Pannariaceae, species of Pannaria partner with filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria belonging to the genus Nostoc. A multilocus survey of 37 thalli representing 21 species showed that these cyanobionts are drawn from two broad Nostoc lineages previously known as the "Nephroma guild" and the "Peltigera guild"; the Pannaria sequences are scattered across both, with a gradual transition between them.[4]

Host choice is flexible. Bipartite (cyanobacteria-only) and tripartite (cyanobacteria plus green-algal) species do not segregate cleanly by photobiont: some tripartite southern-hemisphere taxa share identical Nostoc strains with corticolous (bark-dwelling) bipartite species from both hemispheres, whereas other Pannaria species show marked selectivity, keeping to a narrow subset of strains. This breadth of associations contrasts with the tighter photobiont fidelity reported for genera such as Nephroma and Peltigera.[4]

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Ecology

Species of Pannaria grow mainly as epiphytes on the bark of trees in sheltered, humid forests. They are encountered far less often on shaded rocks or on thin, moss-covered soil, where the micro-climate is similarly cool and moist.[3]

Species

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Pannaria (not identified to species) on a Nothofagus trunk in Quetrupillán, Chile

As of July 2025, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 78 species of Pannaria:[5]

  • Pannaria adpressa Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Pannaria aenea Müll.Arg. (1896)[6]
  • Pannaria andina P.M.Jørg. & Sipman (2004)[7]
  • Pannaria allorhiza (Nyl.) Elvebakk & D.J.Galloway (2003)
  • Pannaria aotearoana Elvebakk & Elix (2016)[8]
  • Pannaria applanata Eckfeldt (1894)[9]
  • Pannaria areolata Delise (1828)
  • Pannaria asahinae P.M.Jørg. (2001)[10]
  • Pannaria athroophylla (Stirt.) Elvebakk & D.J.Galloway (2003)
  • Pannaria atrofumosa C.Knight (1880)
  • Pannaria auctorum Bory (1828)
  • Pannaria brasiliensis Zahlbr. (1909)
  • Pannaria byssoidea Passo & Calvelo (2011)[11]
  • Pannaria caesiocinerea (Vain.) P.M.Jørg. (2004)
  • Pannaria caespitosa P.M.Jørg. (2000)[12]
  • Pannaria calophylla (Müll.Arg.) Passo & Calvelo (2006)[13]
  • Pannaria cameroonensis C.W.Dodge (1964)
  • Pannaria carneopallens Vain. (1921)
  • Pannaria cassa Elvebakk (2022)
  • Pannaria centrifuga P.M.Jørg. (2001)[14]
  • Pannaria cheirolepis F.Wilson (1889)
  • Pannaria chilensis Fée (1852)
  • Pannaria cinerascens (Nyl.) P.M.Jørg. (2004)
  • Pannaria complanata P.M.Jørg. (2001)[15]
  • Pannaria conoplea (Ach.) Bory (1828)
  • Pannaria contorta (Müll.Arg.) Passo & Calvelo (2006)[13]
  • Pannaria craspedia Körb. (1859)
  • Pannaria crenulata P.M.Jørg. (1983)[16]
  • Pannaria crispella (Nyl.) Elvebakk (2022)
  • Pannaria crustata Stirt. (1873)[17]
  • Pannaria decipiens P.M.Jørg. & D.J.Galloway (1992)
  • Pannaria delicata P.M.Jørg. & D.J.Galloway (1999)[18]
  • Pannaria delisei Bory (1838)
  • Pannaria dissecta P.M.Jørg. (2001)[14]
  • Pannaria durietzii (P.James & Henssen) Elvebakk & D.J.Galloway (2003)
  • Pannaria ekistophylla Colmeiro (1867)
  • Pannaria elatior Stirt. (1899)
  • Pannaria elegantior P.M.Jørg. (2003)[19]
  • Pannaria elixii P.M.Jørg. & D.J.Galloway (1992)
  • Pannaria emodii P.M.Jørg. (2001)[15]
  • Pannaria euphylla (Nyl.) Elvebakk & D.J.Galloway (2003)
  • Pannaria exasperata H.Magn. (1944)
  • Pannaria farinosa Elvebakk & Fritt-Rasm. (2007)[20]
  • Pannaria fimbriata P.M.Jørg. (2001)[14]
  • Pannaria flabellata P.M.Jørg. (2012)[21]
  • Pannaria formosana P.M.Jørg. (2001)[15]
  • Pannaria fulvescens (Mont.) Nyl. (1857)
  • Pannaria fumbris Kremp. (1874)
  • Pannaria funebris Kremp. (1874)
  • Pannaria gallowayi Elvebakk & Elix (2016)[8]
  • Pannaria glacialis Anzi (1860)
  • Pannaria granulifera Müll.Arg. (1896)
  • Pannaria globigera Hue (1909)
  • Pannaria holospoda Nyl. (1888)
  • Pannaria hookeri (Borrer) Nyl. (1857)
  • Pannaria howeana Elvebakk (2012)[22]
  • Pannaria hypnorum (Vahl) Körb. (1855)
  • Pannaria immixta Nyl. (1867)[23]
  • Pannaria implexa (Stirt.) Passo, Calvelo & S.Stenroos (2008)
  • Pannaria insularis P.M.Jørg. & Kashiw. (2001)[10]
  • Pannaria isidiosa Elvebakk & Elix (2006)[24]
  • Pannaria italica Gyeln. (1940)
  • Pannaria japonica Räsänen (1940)
  • Pannaria kantvilasii Elvebakk (2022)
  • Pannaria kerguelensis C.W.Dodge (1966)
  • Pannaria laciniata Zahlbr. (1941)
  • Pannaria laciniosa Hue (1902)
  • Pannaria lanuginosa (Hoffm.) Szatala (1930)
  • Pannaria lasiella Stirt. (1878)
  • Pannaria lepidophora Vain. (1921)
  • Pannaria leproloma (Nyl.) P.M.Jørg. (2001)[14]
  • Pannaria limbata Vain. (1921)
  • Pannaria lobulifera Elvebakk (2007)[25]
  • Pannaria lurida (Mont.) Nyl. (1857)
  • Pannaria luridula Nyl. (1876)
  • Pannaria macrocarpa Müll.Arg. (1892)
  • Pannaria malmei C.W.Dodge (1933)
  • Pannaria mangroviana P.M.Jørg. (2001)[14]
  • Pannaria melanesica Elvebakk (2020)
  • Pannaria melanotricha Müll.Arg. (1885)
  • Pannaria microphyllizans (Nyl.) P.M.Jørg. (2001)[14]
  • Pannaria minutiphylla Elvebakk (2013)[26]
  • Pannaria molkenboeri (Mont. & Bosch) Hue (1902)
  • Pannaria molybdodes F.Wilson (1889)
  • Pannaria mosenii C.W.Dodge (1933)
  • Pannaria multifida P.M.Jørg. (2004)
  • Pannaria myrioloba Müll.Arg. (1896)
  • Pannaria neocaledonica B.de Lesd. (1910)
  • Pannaria nilgherriensis P.M.Jørg. & Upreti (2003)
  • Pannaria obscura Müll.Arg. (1895)
  • Pannaria oregonensis McCune & M.Schultz (2022)[27]
  • Pannaria pannosa (Sw.) Nyl. (1855)
  • Pannaria papuana (Aptroot & Diederich) P.M.Jørg. & Sipman (2006)
  • Pannaria parmeliae F.Wilson (1889)
  • Pannaria patagonica (Malme) Elvebakk & D.J.Galloway (2003)
  • Pannaria perfossa Stirt. (1875)
  • Pannaria phloeodes Stirt. (1877)
  • Pannaria phyllidiata Elvebakk (2011)
  • Pannaria placodioides Nyl. ex Cromb. (1875)
  • Pannaria placodiopsis Nyl. (1875)
  • Pannaria planiuscula P.M.Jørg. (2003)[28]
  • Pannaria prolifera Müll.Arg. (1882)
  • Pannaria prolificans Vain. (1896)
  • Pannaria pruinosa P.M.Jørg. & Timdal (2004)[29]
  • Pannaria pulverulacea Elvebakk (2013)[26]
  • Pannaria pulvinula P.M.Jørg. (2000)[12]
  • Pannaria pyxinoides (Nyl.) Elvebakk (2018)
  • Pannaria ramosii Vain. (1921)[30]
  • Pannaria ramulosa P.M.Jørg. (2001)[15]
  • Pannaria reflectens (Nyl.) P.M.Jørg. (2010)
  • Pannaria rolfii Elvebakk (2012)[31]
  • Pannaria romanoana Hue (1915)
  • Pannaria rubiginea Nyl. (1859)
  • Pannaria rubiginella P.M.Jørg. & Sipman (2004)[7]
  • Pannaria rubiginosa (Thunb. ex Ach.) Delise (1828)
  • Pannaria squamulosa P.M.Jørg. (2003)[28]
  • Pannaria streimannii Elvebakk (2012)[22]
  • Pannaria subcrustacea (Räsänen) P.M.Jørg. (2001)[14]
  • Pannaria subfusca P.M.Jørg. (2000)[32]
  • Pannaria subsimilis C.Knight (1880)
  • Pannaria superior Nyl. (1868)
  • Pannaria taylorii Tuck. (1875)
  • Pannaria tavaresii P.M.Jørg. (1978)[33]
  • Pannaria tenuis P.M.Jørg. & Sipman (2006)
  • Pannaria tetraspora Maheu & A.Gillet (1926)
  • Pannaria thoroldii C.W.Dodge (1964)
  • Pannaria thraustolepis F.Wilson (1889)
  • Pannaria tjibodensis Zahlbr. (1928)[34]
  • Pannaria vischii C.W.Dodge (1971)
  • Pannaria wrightiorum Elvebakk (2022)
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