Parallelism (grammar)

In grammar, parallelism, also known as parallel structure or parallel construction, is a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical structure.^[1] The application of parallelism affects readability and may make texts easier to process.^[2]

Parallelism may be accompanied by other figures of speech such as antithesis, anaphora, asyndeton, climax, epistrophe, and symploce.^[3]

Examples

Compare the following examples:

Lacking parallelism	Parallel
"She likes cooking, jogging, and to read."	"She likes cooking, jogging, and reading." "She likes to cook, jog, and read."
"He likes to play baseball and running."	"He likes playing baseball and running." "He likes to play baseball and to run."
"The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and sprinted away."	"The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and sprinted down the alley."

All of the above examples are grammatically correct, even if they lack parallelism: "cooking", "jogging", and "to read" are all grammatically valid conclusions to "She likes", for instance. The first nonparallel example has a mix of gerunds and infinitives. To make it parallel, the sentence can be rewritten with all gerunds or all infinitives. The second example pairs a gerund with a regular noun. Parallelism can be achieved by converting both terms to gerunds or to infinitives. The final phrase of the third example does not include a definite location, such as "across the yard" or "over the fence"; rewriting to add one completes the sentence's parallelism.

In rhetoric

Further information: Parallelism (rhetoric)

Parallelism is often used as a rhetorical device. Examples:

• "The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings. The inherent virtue of Socialism is the equal sharing of miseries." — Winston Churchill, House of Commons, 22 October 1945^[4]

See also

• Foregrounding
• Prosody (linguistics)
• Repetition (rhetorical device)