Parhedylidae

Parhedylidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parhedyloidea.^[4]

Parhedylidae
live Pontohedyle milaschewitchii ot = oral tentacles, ey = eyes, dg = digestive gland.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subterclass:	Tectipleura
Subcohort:	Panpulmonata
Superorder:	Acochlidiacea
Family:	Parhedylidae Thiele, 1931
Synonyms
Ganitidae Rankin, 1979 Livorniellidae Rankin, 1979[1][2] Mancohedylidae Rankin, 1979[3] Microhedylidae Odhner, 1937 Pontohedylidae Starobogatov, 1983 Sabulincolidae Rankin, 1979[3] Unelidae Rankin, 1979[3]

2005 taxonomy

Microhedylidae has been listed as a synonym of Parhedylidae in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).^[3] Ganitidae Rankin, 1979 has been listed as a sole family within Hedylopsoidea.^[3] The type genus of Livorniellidae was Livorniella Rankin, 1979.^[3]

2010 taxonomy

Sensu Schrödl & Neusser (2010)^[5] is Microhedylidae within the clade Microhedylacea.^[5] Parhedylidae is a synonym of Microhedylidae.^[5] Microhedylidae s.l. may informally include Ganitidae, but inclusion of Ganitidae within Microhedylidae requires further research and higher statistical support.^[5]

Genera

Genera within the Parhedylidae include:

• Ganitus Marcus, 1953 - with the only species Ganitus evelinae Marcus, 1953 - it belongs to Microhedylidae s.l. / Ganitidae^[5]
• Microhedyle Hertling, 1930
  • Microhedyle glandulifera (Kowalevsky, 1901)^[5]
  • Microhedyle nahantensis (Doe, 1974)^[5]
  • Microhedyle odhneri (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1955)^[5]
• Microhedyle remanei (Er. Marcus, 1953)^[5]
• Paraganitus Challis, 1968 - with the only species Paraganitus ellynnae Challis, 1968 - it belongs to Microhedylidae s.l. / Ganitidae^[5]
• Paraganitus Challis, 1968
• Parhedyle Thiele, 1931
  • Parhedyle cryptophthalma (Westheide & Wawra, 1974)^[5]
  • Parhedyle tyrtowii (Kowalevsky, 1900)^[5]
  • Parhedyle gerlachi (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1959)^[5]
• Pontohedyle Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972

Genera brought into synonymy

• Gastrohedyle Rankin, 1979: synonym of Pontohedyle Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972
• Livorniella Rankin, 1979: synonym of Microhedyle Hertling, 1930
• Mancohedyle Rankin, 1979: synonym of Pontohedyle Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972 (junior objective synontm of Pontohedyle)
• Maraunibina Rankin, 1979: synonym of Pontohedyle Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972
• Parahedyle [sic]: synonym of Parhedyle Thiele, 1931 (misspelling)
• Sabulincola Rankin, 1979: synonym of Parhedyle Thiele, 1931
• Stellaspina Rankin, 1979: synonym of Microhedyle Hertling, 1930
• Unela Er. Marcus, 1953: synonym of Microhedyle Hertling, 1930

Cladogram

A cladogram based on sequences of mitochondrial 28S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes showing phylogenic relations within the family Microhedylidae:^[6]

Microhedylidae	Microhedyle sp. from St. Vincent Ganitus evelinae Paraganitus ellynnae Microhedyle glandulifera Parhedyle tyrtowii Parhedyle cryptophthalma Pontohedyle ►