Parotocinclus

Parotocinclus is a genus of fish in the family Loricariidae native to South America. This genus is distributed through almost all hydrographic systems in South America from the Guyana Shield drainages and Amazon Shield tributaries to the coastal drainages of eastern and southeastern Brazil, including the rio São Francisco basin.^[1] Most species have the caudal peduncle oval in cross section.^[2] It has been found that Characidium species may interact with P. maculicauda. The small Characidium will follow grazing P. maculicauda, which release particulate matter dislodged from the catfish's foraging.^[3]

Parotocinclus
Parotocinclus jumbo
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Siluriformes
Family:	Loricariidae
Tribe:	Otothyrini
Genus:	Parotocinclus C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1889
Type species
Otocinclus maculicauda Steindachner, 1877

Taxonomy

By an analysis published in 2005, Parotocinclus is not a monophyletic genus. P. jumbo is not closely related to P. maculicauda, but is positioned, instead, as a basal lineage of the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae. Additionally, P. collinsae is not closely related to Parotocinclus maculicauda and may be more closely related to the genus Hypoptopoma and four other genera. P. jumbo and P. collinsae may eventually be transferred to new genera.^[4] P. bidentatus and P. muriaensis form a monophyletic pair of sister taxa that is more closely related to a subset of species of Parotocinclus (which includes P. maculicauda) than to any other genus of the tribe Otothyrini.^[4]

Species

There are currently 38 recognized species in this genus:

• Parotocinclus adamanteus Pereira, Santos, de Pinna & Reis, 2019 ^[5]
• Parotocinclus amazonensis Garavello, 1977
• Parotocinclus arandai Sarmento-Soares, Lehmann A. & Martins-Pinheiro, 2009
• Parotocinclus aripuanensis Garavello, 1988
• Parotocinclus bahiensis (A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918)
• Parotocinclus bidentatus Gauger & Buckup, 2005
• Parotocinclus britskii Boeseman, 1974
• Parotocinclus cabessadecuia Ramos, Lima & Ramos, 2017 ^[6]
• Parotocinclus cearensis Garavello, 1977
• Parotocinclus cesarpintoi P. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1939
• Parotocinclus collinsae Schmidt & Ferraris, 1985
• Parotocinclus cristatus Garavello, 1977
• Parotocinclus dani Roxo, G. S. C. Silva & C. de Oliveira, 2016 ^[1]
• Parotocinclus doceanus (A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918)
• Parotocinclus eppleyi Schaefer & Provenzano, 1993
• Parotocinclus halbothi Lehmann A., Lazzarotto & R. E. dos Reis, 2014 ^[7]
• Parotocinclus hardmani Lehmann A., Lujan & R. E. dos Reis, 2022^[8]
• Parotocinclus haroldoi Garavello, 1988
• Parotocinclus jacksoni Ramos, Lustosa-Costa, Barros-Neto & Barbosa, 2021^[9]
• Parotocinclus jacumirim D. E. da Silva Jr., T. P. A. Ramos & A. M. Zanata, 2020^[10]
• Parotocinclus jequi Lehmann A., Koech Braun, E. H. L. Pereira & R. E. dos Reis, 2013 ^[11]
• Parotocinclus jimi Garavello, 1977
• Parotocinclus jumbo Britski & Garavello, 2002
• Parotocinclus longirostris Garavello, 1988
• Parotocinclus maculicauda (Steindachner, 1877)
• Parotocinclus minutus Garavello, 1977
• Parotocinclus muriaensis Gauger & Buckup, 2005
• Parotocinclus nandae Lehmann A., Camelier & Zanata, 2020^[12]
• Parotocinclus planicauda Garavello & Britski, 2003
• Parotocinclus polyochrus Schaefer, 1988
• Parotocinclus prata A. C. Ribeiro, A. L. A. Melo & E. H. L. Pereira, 2002

• Parotocinclus pukuixe Dario E. Silva-Junior and Angela M. Zanata. 2022^[13][14]

• Parotocinclus robustus Lehmann A. & R. E. dos Reis, 2012 ^[15]
• Parotocinclus seridoensis T. P. A. Ramos, Barros-Neto, Britski & S. M. Q. Lima, 2013 ^[16]
• Parotocinclus spilosoma (Fowler, 1941)
• Parotocinclus spilurus (Fowler, 1941) ^[17]
• Parotocinclus variola Lehmann A., Schvambach & R. E. dos Reis, 2015 ^[18]
• Parotocinclus yaka Lehmann, Lima & Reis, 2018^[19]