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Passport fraud
Criminal misuse of travel documents From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Passport fraud is an act of intentional deception that involves forgery, alteration, or false use of a travel document, such as a passport, in a false or unauthorized manner. Common reasons to perpetrate passport fraud include illegally entering a country, avoiding deportation, committing financial crimes, and smuggling.[1][2]
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Methods
[3]Passport fraud can be committed in various ways, including:
- Creating a fake or camouflage passport
- Using stolen or modified passports
- Altering passport photographs or other identifying information
- Stealing the identity of a deceased person
- Circumventing required parental consent for minors under 16
Misusing a passport is a crime in many jurisdictions.
China
Under the Passport Law of the People’s Republic of China (2006), obtaining a passport fraudulently is prohibited. Fraudulently obtained passports are null and void, and that "the holder of the passport shall be fined not less than RMB 2,000 yuan but not more than 5,000 yuan".[4]
United States
Summarize
Perspective
Passport fraud is a federal crime in the United States, often committed to facilitate another crime such as, illegal immigration, contraband smuggling, economic crime, or terrorism. The US department of state's law enforcement, Diplomatic Security Service, have special agents who work with law enforcement agencies in over 160 countries all over the world to investigate passport fraud. Millions of stolen passports are used by terrorists and other dangerous criminals at any given time and it is considered the single largest threat to U.S. national security.
Historical cases include:
- In 1940, members of the American Communist Party, Earl Browder and Welwel Warszower, were convicted for unlawful use of passports. [5]
- By 1977, the State Department recorded approximately 900 cases of passport fraud annually.[6]
Committing the crime
Passport fraud is usually committed by:
- Stealing the identity of a deceased person to use their passport
- Using false documents, i.e. fake birth certificate
- Using stolen or modified passports, such as altering the photo I.D portion of an old passport
- Circumventing the parent signatures required for the passport of a person 16 years or younger[7]
Violations
Possible violations of the following statutes are investigated by the United States Diplomatic Security Service:
- 18 U.S.C. 1541 - Issuance Without Authority
- 18 U.S.C. 1542 - False Statement in Application for Passport and Use of a Passport Fraudulently Obtained
- 18 U.S.C. 1543 - Making or Using a Forged Passport
- 18 U.S.C. 1544 - Misuse of Passport
- 18 U.S.C. 1546 - Fraud and Misuse of Visas, Permits, and Related Documents, And False Personation
- 18 U.S.C. 371 - Conspiracy to Defraud the United States
- 18 U.S.C. 911 - False Claim to Citizenship
- 18 U.S.C. 1028 - Fraud and related activity in connection with identification documents, authentication features, and information
Statutes do not specify that the passport must be a US passport.
Penalties
Convictions for passport fraud in the U.S. can result in:
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See also
References
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