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Pendimethalin
Chemical compound From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pendimethalin is a selective herbicide of the dinitroaniline class[2] used premergently and postemergently to control annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds. It inhibits cell division and cell elongation. Pendimethalin is approved in Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Asia and Oceania for different crops including cereals (wheat, barley, rye, triticale), corn, soybeans, rice, potato, legumes, fruits, vegetables, and nuts, plus lawns and ornamental plants.
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Use
Pendimethalin protects crops like wheat, corn, soybeans, potatoes, cabbage, peas, carrots, and asparagus. It controls annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds which interfere with growth, yield and quality of crops by competing for nutrients, water and light.
Where weed infestation is particularly bad, yield loss can render wheat production uneconomical.[3] Many other crops are grown in Europe that make a fraction of total agriculture. Herbicide options are limited for these minor crops, particularly in the vegetable sector.[4] Long-term field studies call pendimethalin efficient for controlling blackgrass.[5][6][7]
There is some control of Johnsongrass, but other dinitrolaniline herbicides, such as trifluralin and profluralin, showed much stronger effect.[8]
In 2012, 6–12 million pounds (2,700–5,400 t) of pendimethalin was used in the US.[9]
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Mode of action
Pendimethalin acts pre-weed-emergence and early post-emergence. Pendimethalin is absorbed into roots and shoots, inhibits cell division and prevents growth, to prevent weeds from emerging.[10]
The HRAC classifies by mode of action; pendimethalin is listed as Group K1, (global), AKA Group D (Australia) or Group 3 (numeric).[10]
Risk factor for pancreatic cancer
A study suggests pendimethalin exposure is associated with pancreatic cancer.[11] Mechanistic studies linking Pendimethalin to pancreatic cancer are lacking, warranting additional research. A French study found no association with lung cancer.[12]
Resistance
Herbicide resistance harms efficacy. Until 2009 pendimethalin showed no resistance. It is not cross-resistant with other grass weed herbicides, so pendimethalin can be coäpplied with herbicides of other modes of action.[14] Lolium rigidum has evolved resistance to pendimethalin, at least in part due to increased cytochrome P450 activity.[2] This resistance mechanism in ryegrass (shared with other dinitroanilines like trifluralin, see for longer explanation) is by an opposing mutation to resistance to prosulfocarb, a thiocarbamate herbicide. By evolving resistance to one, the weed devolves its resistance to the other.[15]
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Registrative status
Pendimethalin is registered globally for a wide range of crops, by the European Commission, US-EPA, Canada-PMRA, Japan, Brazil-ANVISA and others.
Toxicology
Pendimethalin is not toxic to mammals, though interestingly the oral LD50 for rats and mice is 1050-1620 mg/kg, yet for dogs and rabbits it is much less harmful, at over 5000 mg/kg. For comparison, table salt's LD50 is 3000 mg/kg. There may be chronic effects however; repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause eczema, hives or Quincke's oedema. Prolonged exposure by other routes may affect changes to the liver.[16]
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Soil behavior
Pendimethalin is highly persistent in soil and water. It has high potential for bioaccumulation, and it is moderately mobile in soil,[17] despite it adsorbing strongly into soil.[18]
Tradenames
Tradenames include Pendimethalin 440, Satellite, Halts, Prowl, PRE-M, Stomp, Stealth and Pendulum, Hilpendi etc.
References
External links
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