Peng'im

Peng'im^[1] (simplified Chinese: 潮州话拼音方案; traditional Chinese: 潮州話拼音方案: Diê⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Teochew) Dio⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Swatow), Pe̍h-ūe-jī : Tiê-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ or Tiô-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ, Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tiê-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ or Tiô-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ) is a Teochew dialect romanization system as a part of Guangdong Romanization published by Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960. The tone of this system is based on the Swatow dialect. The system uses the Latin alphabet to transcribe pronunciation and numbers to note tones.

Before that, another system called Pe̍h-ūe-jī, which was introduced by the missionaries in 1875, had been widely used. Since Teochew has high phonetic similarity with Hokkien, another Southern Min variety, Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Tai-lo can also be used to transcribe Teochew. The name Peng'im is a transcription of "拼音" using this system.

Contents

Alphabet

This system uses the Latin alphabet, but does not include f, j, q, v, w, x, or y. ê is the letter e with circumflex.

Initials

There are 18 initials. Syllables not starting with consonants are called zero initials.

Initials

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Voiced (no frictions)	nasal	m [m] 毛	n [n] 年	ng [ŋ] 雅
	plosive or lateral	bh [b] 米	l [l] 來/內	gh [g] 鵝/牙
Voiceless stops	aspirated	p [pʰ] 皮	t [tʰ] 臺	k [kʰ] 可
	plain	b [p] 比	d [t] 都	g [k] 歌	[ʔ]
Voiceless affricates	aspirated		c [tsʰ] 菜
	plain		z [ts] 書
Fricatives			s [s] 士/速		h [h] 海/系
			r [(d)z] 爾

b and g can also be used as ending consonants.

Finals

There are 59 finals :

Finals of Teochew dialect
Classes	Open vowel	Mid vowel	Close vowel
Open Syllable		i [i] 衣	u [u] 汙
	a [a] 亞	ia [ia] 呀	ua [ua] 娃
	o [o] 窩	io [io] 腰
	ê [e] 啞		uê [ue] 鍋
	e [ɯ] 余
	ai [ai] 哀		uai [uai] 歪
	oi [oi] 鞋		ui [ui] 威
	ao [au] 歐
	ou [ou] 烏	iou [iou] 夭
		iu [iu] 憂
Nasal vowel		in [ĩ] 丸
	an [ã] 噯	ian [ĩã] 營	uan [ũã] 鞍
		ion [ĩõ] 羊
	ên [ẽ] 楹
	en [ɯ̃] 秧
	ain [ãĩ] 愛
	oin [õĩ] 閑
Nasal Coda		im [im] 音
	am [am][庵][2]	iam [iam] 淹	uam [uam] 凡
		ing [iŋ] 因	ung [uŋ] 溫
	ang [aŋ] 按	iang [iaŋ] 央	uang [uaŋ] 汪
	ong [oŋ] 翁	iong [ioŋ] 雍
	êng [eŋ] 英
Checked tone		ih [iʔ] 裂
	ah [aʔ] 鴨	iah [iaʔ] 益	uah [uaʔ] 活
	oh [oʔ] 學	ioh [ioʔ] 約
	êh [eʔ] 厄
	oih [oiʔ] 狹
		ib [ip̚] 邑
	ab [ap̚] 盒	iab [iap̚] 壓	uab [uap̚] 法
		ig [ik̚] 乙	ug [uk̚] 熨
	ag [ak̚] [惡][2]	iag [iak̚] 躍	uag [uak̚] 蕕[獲][2]
	og [ok̚] 屋	iog [iok̚] 育
	êg [ek̚] 液

Tones

8 tones of Teochew dialect[3]
Tones	陰平(dark flat)	陰上(dark rising)	陰去(dark departing)	陰入(dark entering)	陽平(light flat)	陽上(light rising)	陽去(light departing)	陽入(light entering)
Tone value	33	52	213	2	55	35	11	4
Examples	詩、分	死、粉	世、訓	薛、忽	時、雲	是、混	示、份	蝕、佛
Symbols	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Notations[4]	a	á	à	ah	â	ă	ā	áh

Symbols of tones are notated at the top right of consonants or vowels which have top loudness.^[5][6] For example:

• 詩 - si¹
• 死 - si²
• 世 - si³
• 薛 - sih⁴

Differences in rime

This is a list of differences in rime in Teochew dialect by regions. Tone in Raoping is almost same as in Swatow.^[7] Only general differences are listed, some certain distinctions of certain words are not listed.

Swatow	Raoping	Chaozhou	Chenghai	Puning[8]	Jieyang	Chaoyang	Haifeng	Examples
e				e		u	i	餘，許，豬，祠
oi				ôi			ei	鞋
uin				ui	ui	uain		跪，櫃
oin	oin/êng			ain	ain	ain	ain	閒，殿
oih							eih	狹
iao/iou	iao	iou	iou	io/iao				搖，要
io		ie	ie	io				腰
ion		ien	ien	ion				羊
ioh		ieh	ieh	ioh				借，惜，藥，石
am[am]			ang[aŋ]	am[am]				庵
ab[ap]			ag[ak]	ap				盒
iam[iam]		iem[iem]	iang[iaŋ]	iam[iam]				嚴
iab[iap]		ieb[iep]	iag [iak]	iap				壓
im[im]			ing [iŋ]	im				音
ib[ip]			ig [ik]	ip				溼
ang[aŋ]				ang				安
ag [ak]				âk				達
iang[iaŋ]		iêng[ieŋ]		iang				仙
iag [iak]		iêg[iek]		iâk				傑，設
uang[uaŋ]		uêng[ueŋ]		uâng				全，完，緣，彎
uag [uak]		uêg [uek]		uâk				粵
eng [ɯŋ]	eng/ing			êng/ung	êng[eŋ]	ing[iŋ]	ng/eng	斤
eg [ɯk]				êg [ek]	êg [ek]	ig[ik]		乞
ing[iŋ]				ing	êng[eŋ]		in[in]	因
ung[uŋ]				ung			un[un]	溫