The mosque was designed and built between 1905^[3] and 1906.^[4] Din Mohammed drew up the designs and the plans for the mosque, with John Eliot the supervising architect during its construction.^[5] The mosque was founded by Hassan Musa Khan, a bookseller in Perth, who was also later the mosque's secretary and treasurer in 1906.^[6] Prior to the construction of the mosque, Muslims in Perth typically prayed at home or in informal gatherings.^[7]

Donations to construct the mosque were collected by Faiz Mahomet from Afghan cameleers and Muslim merchants across Western Australia, while Musa Khan raised funds in Perth.^[5] On 13 November 1905, Faiz Mahomet laid the foundation stone for the mosque.^[8] Accommodation at the mosque, added after its initial construction, provided refuge for cameleers during their old age.^[5]

Fatteh Mohammad Dean, a superintendent for a night-watch company and an immigrant from Punjab, was among the first trustees of the mosque.^[9] In 1906, Emir Habibullah Khan of Afghanistan was named trustee of the mosque to resolve tensions within the Perth Muslim communities.^[10][11]

The mosque was originally registered under the name The Mohammedan Mosque, but this was changed to Perth Mosque in June 1951.^[12] Additions and renovations have been subsequently made to the original building over time, including in 1979, 1984 and 1997.^[2]

In 2020, it was reported that on average 500 people regularly attended prayers on Fridays, with 100 people on average attending through the rest of the week.^[7]

• Islam in Australia
• List of mosques in Australia