Planorbarius corneus

Planorbarius corneus, common name the great ramshorn, is a relatively large species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails, or planorbids, which all have sinistral or left-coiling shells.

Planorbarius corneus
A live individual of Planorbarius corneus, carrying the shell with the umbilicus uppermost
A shell of Planorbarius corneus
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Superorder:	Hygrophila
Family:	Planorbidae
Genus:	Planorbarius
Species:	P. corneus
Binomial name
Planorbarius corneus (Linnaeus, 1758)[2]
Synonyms[3]
List Coretus corneus (Linnaeus, 1758); junior objective synonym Coretus corneus corneus (Linnaeus, 1758); junior objective synonym Coretus corneus etruscus (Mousson, 1859); junior synonym Helix cornea Linnaeus, 1758; superseded combination Planorbarius corneus corneus (Linnaeus, 1758); unaccepted Planorbarius corneus etruscus (Mousson, 1859); junior synonym Planorbarius penchinati (Bourguignat, 1870); unaccepted Planorbarius purpurea (O. F. Müller, 1774); junior synonym †Planorbis (Helisoma) clathratus F. Sandberger, 1880; junior subjective synonym †Planorbis clathratus F. Sandberger, 1880; junior subjective synonym Planorbis corneus (Linnaeus, 1758); superseded combination Planorbis corneus var. praetextus Hilbert, 1917; junior subjective synonym Planorbis etruscus Mousson, 1859; junior synonym Planorbis megistus (Bourguignat, 1870); junior subjective synonym Planorbis penchinati (Bourguignat, 1870); junior synonym Planorbis purpura (Bourguignat, 1870); junior synonym Planorbis similis O. F. Müller, 1774; junior synonym Planorbis similis M. Bielz, 1851; unaccepted

The shell of this species appears to be dextral in coiling, even though it is in fact sinistral or left-handed.

Taxonomy

Planorbarius corneus is known by a long list of taxonomic synonyms, the earliest of which was Helix cornea in 1758.^[3] Carl Linnaeus was the first to describe the species in the 10th edition of the Systema Naturae.^[2][3]

This species used to have 4 subspecies; Planorbarius corneus arabatzis, Planorbarius corneus corneus, Planorbarius corneus etruscus, and Planorbarius corneus grandis. P. arabatzis and P. grandis are now considered distinct species, while the other two are no longer valid as subspecies.^[3]

Distribution

Planorbarius corneus is distributed from western Europe, through central Europe and into the Caucasus, north into Siberia and south into the Middle East. In western Europe, it has been recorded in Belgium, France and the British Isles (including Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Guernsey and Jersey). It is not found in Spain, but it has been recorded on some Spanish and Portuguese Atlantic islands, including Madeira, the Azores, the Canary Islands. In the Nordic countries, it has been recorded in Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Norway. Its range extends through central Europe (including Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Lichtenstein, Switzerland and the Czech Republic) into southern Europe (where it has been recorded in Greece and Italy) and eastern Europe and the Caucasus (including Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine). The species is also found in western Asia, having been recorded in Kazakhstan, Iran, western regions of Russia, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.^[1]

Additionally, as the species is sometimes sold in the aquarium trade, it is also found outside of its main range in small ponds where they have been released or placed.^[1]

Description

All species within family Planorbidae have sinistral shells.

Planorbarius corneus is the largest European species of ramshorn snail (family Planorbidae), with a shell typically measuring 35 millimetres (1.4 in) across when fully-grown.^[4]

The 10–17 by 22–40 millimetres (0.39–0.67 by 0.87–1.57 in) coiled shell has between 3 and 4.5 rounded whorls with deep sutures, the last whorl predominating. The upper side is weakly depressed and the lower side is deeply depressed (flattened on the underside but spire recessed on the upper side). There is no keel. The shell is light yellowish with a brown, reddish or greenish periostracum, radially and spirally weakly striated. The aperture is wide and almost circular. The animal is brown or reddish.^{[citation needed]}

• 
  Together with a Lymnaea stagnalis snail.
• 
  Eggs, not more than one day old, together with several feeding adults. The clutch is 12 millimeters long. Also, a snail's mouth with its radula can be seen clearly.
• 
  The same eggs, two days later. Snail fetuses are visible.
• 
  Young specimen, about 3 millimeters long.

Habitat and ecology

Planorbarius corneus may be found in freshwater ponds, where it may be found clinging to vegetation.^[5] It is thought that, similar to Peregriana peregra,^[6] this species stays close to shallow water, as the emergent plants growing there provide access to the surface for oxygen.^[5]

It may also be found in other waters which are still, or only moving slowly, where there is a good growth of many different kinds of pond weeds, and where there are high levels of calcium dissolved in the water.^[7]

P. corneus under high temperatures has been studied by Kartavykh & Podkovkin (2002).^[8]

This species seems to be a generalist in its diet; what they eat may depend on what is available and how hungry the animal is.^[9] It has been observed to eat the egg capsules of Anisus vortex, though this may have been incidental.^[10]

Reproduction

Like most freshwater pulmonates, Planorbarius corneus probably follows a yearly reproduction cycle. In a 1963 study in southern England, eggs were thought to hatch in May, with the reproductive period ending before June.^[5] However, the snails may be able to live for longer than one year, with reports of them living as long as 6 years in captivity.^[5][11][12]

In an experiment, this species was shown to lay pinkish egg masses on aquatic plants such as Elodea and Ceratophyllum, as well as on the glass walls of the aquarium. The egg masses were cylindrical or oval-shaped, and had average dimensions of 12 by 8 mm (0.47 by 0.31 in). Each egg mass contained between 12–49 light yellow eggs, though by one account, this can reach up to 60. Eggs first began hatching within 31–65 days of being laid, though not all embryos hatched at once. An additional 9–21 days were observed for the final embryos to emerge from the egg capsules. In the experimenter's opinion, these observations are likely to be consistent between both captive and wild specimens.^[12]

An egg mass of Planorbarius corneus in the Netherlands.

Reproduction in spring and autumn at water temperatures above 15 °C, eggs (diameter 1.2-1.7 mm) are laid in mostly elongate capsules of 8–15 mm width, each strain containing 12-40 eggs, fixed to aquatic plants, embryos are reddish with transparent shells, juveniles hatch after 14–16 days, life span up to 3 years. Self-fertilization is possible, one single released animal can establish a stable population, but only 5% of the juveniles in self-fertilized eggs will hatch.^[13]

Parasites

This species of snail functions as a host for several parasite species:

• First intermediate host for Prosthogonimus ovatus^[14]
• First intermediate host for Apatemon gracilis^[15]
• First and as second intermediate host for Hypoderaeum conoideum^[16]
• Intermediate host for Syngamus trachea^[17]
• Intermediate host for Typhlocoelum sisowi^[18]

As aquarium pets

P. corneus are available from commercial breeders, and they are easy to keep, as they do not need a minimum aquarium size, do not need heating, and likewise, the tank usually does not need to be oxygenated – though it helps to supply the microorganisms that process snail manure and food leftovers. They are said to only feed on living plants when other food sources (like algae and plant detritus) have become rare. They need calcium-rich water, so depending on the water source, they need additional calcium from cuttlebones or ground egg shells. The snails can be fed with any fish food, and vegetables like spinach leaves, green lettuce leaves and zucchini slices. In case of leafy or vegetable food, leftovers should be quickly removed in order to keep ammonium and nitrate levels low. Depending on the locale, a water conditioner is needed to remove copper, chlorine and other harmful ions from the water.

Both the European-Asian P. corneus and the smaller, North-American Planorbella duryi are known as "Ramshorn snails" in the aquarium trade and can be kept the same way, yet the adult Planorbella ones are significantly smaller, and their shells are smooth, shining and not striated.^[19]