Planulozoa

Planulozoa is a clade which includes the Placozoa, Cnidaria (corals and jellyfish) and the Bilateria (all the more complex animals including worms, insects and vertebrates).^[2][3] The designation Planulozoa may be considered a synonym to ParaHoxozoa. Within Planulozoa, the Placozoa may be a sister of Cnidaria to the exclusion of Bilateria.^[4][5][6][7] The clade excludes basal animals such as the Ctenophora (comb jellies),^[8][9][3] and Porifera (sponges).^[10][11][12] Although this clade was sometimes used to specify a clade of Cnidaria and Bilateria to the exclusion of Placozoa (against the original intention of its proposal), this is no longer favoured due to recent data (several 2018 studies) indicating a sister group relationship between Cnidaria and Placozoa.^[13] However, a 2023 study supports Placozoa as sister to Cnidaria+Bilateria in several analyses.^[14]

Planulozoa Temporal range: 600–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Diversity of planulozoans
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa
Clade:	ParaHoxozoa
Clade:	Planulozoa Wallberg et al., 2004
Phyla
Cnidaria Bilateria/Triploblasta Proarticulata †? Xenacoelomorpha Kimberella† Tullimonstrum† Saccorhytida †[1] Nephrozoa (unranked) Superphylum Deuterostomia Chordata(s.l) Vetulicolia† Cephalochordata Craniata "Ambulacraria" Hemichordata Echinodermata Cambroernida† Vetulocystidae† Protostomia (unranked) Superphylum Ecdysozoa Spiralia (unranked) Placozoa?

The phylogenetic tree indicates approximately how many millions of years ago (mya) the lineages split. Here, Planulozoa is shown sans Placozoa.^[15][16][17]

Planulozoa are associated with the emergence of the Zoc and ZF-NC gene domains.^[18]

Choanozoa	Choanoflagellata Animalia Porifera Eumetazoa Ctenophora ParaHoxozoa Placozoa Planulozoa Cnidaria Bilateria Xenacoelomorpha Nephrozoa Deuterostomia Ambulacraria Chordata Protostomia Ecdysozoa Spiralia 610 mya 650 mya Triploblasts 680 mya Diploblasts 760 mya
950 mya