Poleta Formation

The Poleta Formation is a geological unit known for the exceptional fossil preservation in the Indian Springs Lagerstätte, located in eastern California and Nevada.^[2]

Poleta Formation
Stratigraphic range: Cambrian Series 2 ~519–518 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
The Poleta Folds area, the locality after which the formation is named.
Type	Formation
Sub-units	See: Members
Underlies	Harkless Formation
Overlies	Campito Formation
Thickness	0–1,900 ft (0–579 m)[1]
Lithology
Primary	Fine siliciclastics
Other	Limestone, Quartzite, Siltstone
Location
Region	California, Nevada
Country	United States
Type section
Named for	Poleta Folds

Occurrence

The formation dates to the Stage 3 of the yet-to-be-ratified Cambrian Series 2; the lower portion base of the formation and the youngest Lagerstätte beds date to the Nevadella trilobite zone (= Laurentian Montezuman stage), with higher beds dating to the Olenellus trilobite zone (= Laurentian Dyeran stage), making the formation the same age as the Sirius Passet and just younger than the Chengjiang.^[2] It outcrops in Esmeralda County in western Nevada.^[2]

Geology

The Poleta Formation is mainly composed of limestone rocks within its lower and upper sections, with its middle section containing siltstone, quartzite, and some limestone.^[1]

Members

The formation contains three members, which are as follows, in ascending age:

• Lower Member: This member is the thickest of the three, getting up to 1,000 ft (300 m) thick. It is primarily composed of medium to light-gray oolitic limestone, containing an abundance of archeocyathid reefs.^[3] The limestone mostly well-bedded, although it is occasionally thin to very thin-bedded. There is also a single inter-stratified layer of greenish-gray or olive-gray siltstone, getting up to 100 ft (30 m) thick.^[1]

• Middle Member: This member in some areas gets up to 600 ft (180 m) thick. It is dominated by siltstones, limestones, and sandstones or quartzites. The siltstone layers are made up of grayish-olive, pale-olive, and locally pale-yellowish-brown or light-brown siltstone, shale, and phylitic silstone, which are composed of subangular silt-sized grains of quartz, embedded in a fine-textured matrix of muscovite or mica clay, and chlorite. The limestone layers are composed of medium-gray to grayish-orange or mottled-gray to light-brown aphanitic to medium crystalline limestone, which is inter-stratified with occasional siltstone. The sandstone or quartzite layers are primarily pale-brown, light-brown and very-pale-orange, very fine to fine grained and commonly evenly laminated. In some areas, these layers can grade into a coarse siltstone. They also contain quartz and feldspars.^[1]

• Upper Member: This member is the thinnest, only getting up to 100 ft (30 m) thick. It is mostly composed of medium-gray limestone, which is very thin to thin-bedded. It also contains a few archaeocyathid fossils.^[1]

Depositional setting

The formation was deposited on an offshore shelf between the wave base and storm base, and experienced storm-related pulses of siliciclastic sediment input. Like many other Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten, this unit was deposited on the Cordilleran margin of the Laurentian continent; it is among the oldest of the Lagerstätten from this region.^[2]

Taphonomy

The modes of preservation of the non-biomineralised material found within the Indian Springs Lagerstätte has been noted to be either clay-mineral replacement, and pyrite or iron oxide staining. This is similar to the modes of preservation seen in the Chengjiang Lagerstätte. The Lagerstätte is also an example of a obrution-type deposition, which is a rapid burial of organisms, with some helicoplacoids being buried alive, still in their upright position. This form of deposition will have also obscured the buried specimens from scavengers.^[2]

Paleobiota

Archeocyathids from the Death Valley area

Most of the fauna is biomineralized, including brachiopods, hyolithids, trilobites,^[4] archeocyathids from the Gold Point Reef locality,^[5][3] and helicoplacoids, which are often articulated.^[2] Non-mineralized components of these fossils are also preserved, as are sponges, anomalocaridid parts, and a range of algae and cyanobacteria.^[2]

Trace fossils, mainly Planolites, are also common; ichnofossils generally lie on the bedding plane and very few penetrate more than 1 millimetre (0.039 in) into the sediment. The biota of this formation has been noted to be similar to the Utah Lagerstätten, more so to the Spence Shale.^[2]

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon		Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Arthropoda

Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Mesonacis	M. fremonti	Olenellid trilobite, originally described as Fremonita.[6]
Laudonia[1][6]	Laudonia sp.	Olenellid trilobite.
Olenellus[6]	O. clarki	Olenellid trilobite.
Elliptocephala[7]	E. praenuntius	Olenellid trilobite.
Teresellus[7]	Teresellus sp. T. goldfieldensis	Olenellid rilobite.
Nevadella[1][6][2]	N. eucharis	Nevadid trilobite.
Nevadia[2]	N. parvoconica	Nevadid trilobite.
Judomia (?)[1]	Judomia (?) sp.	Nevadid trilobite.
Holmiella[4]	H. falx	Holmiid trilobite.
Holmia[1]	Holmia sp.	Holmiid trilobite.
Palmettaspis[4]	P. consorta P. lidensis	Holmiid trilobite.
Grandinasus[4]	Grandinasus sp. G. argentus G. auricampus	Holmiid trilobite.
Holmidd (?)[4]	???	Undetermined holmiid trilobite.
Keeleaspis (?)[7]	K. (?) terhaari	Corynexochid trilobite.
Polliaxis[7]	P. hanseni	Corynexochid trilobite.
Geraldinella[2]	Geraldinella sp.	Fallotaspidoid trilobite.
Anomalocarididae[2]	???	Anomalocaridid sclerites and fragments.

Lophotrochozoa

Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Microcornus[8]	Microcornus sp.	Lophotrochozoan hyolith.
Hyolithellus (?)[8]	Hyolithellus (?) sp.	Lophotrochozoan hyolith.
Obolella[9]	Obolellasp.	Obelellid brachiopod.
Kutorgina[9]	K. perugata	Kutorginid brachiopod.
Lingulella[9]	Lingulella spp.	Obolid brachiopod.
Spinulothele[9]	S. dubia	Acrotheloid brachiopod.
Pompeckium (?)[9]	P. argenteum (?)	Eoorthid brachiopod.
Mickwitzia[2]	M. occidens	Mickwitziid brachiopod.
Swantonia[9]	S. weeksi	Brachiopod of uncertain affinities.
Lingulid[2]	???	Lingulid brachiopod.
Obollelid[2]	???	Obollelid brachiopod, muscle scars preserved.
Hyolithes[6]	H. princeps	Lophotrochozoan hyolith.
Hyolithellus[3]	Hyolithellus (?) sp. H. insolitus	Lophotrochozoan hyolith.
Hyolithid[2]	???	Lophotrochozoan hyolithids, too poorly preserved for taxonomic placement.
Orthothecida[10]	???	Orthothecid hyoliths, too poorly preserved for taxonomic placement.
Lapworthella (?)[11]	Lapworthella (?) sp.	Lophotrochozoan tommotid.

Chancelloriidae

Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Allonia[8]	Allonia sp.	Chancelloriid organism.
Chancelloria[8]	Chancelloria sp.	Chancelloriid organism.
Chancelloriid[2]	???	Chancelloriid spicules.

Cnidaria

Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Paiutitubulites[12]	P. variabilis P. durhami	Anthozoan cnidarian.
Cambrotubulites[12]	Cambrotubulites sp. C. trisepta	Anthozoan cnidarian.
Sphenothallus[3]	Sphenothallus sp.	Cnidarian conulariid.
Genus A[12]	Genus A sp.	Anthozoan cnidarian, similar interior to Cambrotubulites and Paiutitubulites, though differs in having five septa.

Porifera (Sponges)

Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Archaeocyathus[3]	A. arborensis	Archeocyathid sponge.
Claruscoscinus[3]	Claruscoscinus sp.	Archeocyathid sponge.
Protopharetra[3]	P. junensis	Archeocyathid sponge.
Gatagacyathus[3]	Gatagacyathus sp.	Archeocyathid sponge.
Ethmophyllum[3]	E. whitneyi	Archeocyathid sponge.
Williamicyathus[3]	W. colvillensis	Archeocyathid sponge.
Robustocyathellus[3]	Robustocyathellus sp.	Archeocyathid sponge.
Paranacyathus[13]	Paranacyathus sp.	Archeocyathid sponge.
Protopharetra[13]	Protopharetra sp.	Archeocyathid sponge.
Metacyathellus (?)[3]	Metacyathellus (?) sp.	Archeocyathid sponge.
Cordilleracyathus (?)[3]	Cordilleracyathus (?) sp.	Archeocyathid sponge.
Wapkia (?)[2]	Wapkia (?) sp.	Wapkiid demosponge.

Echniodermata

Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Helicoplacus[1][6][14][2]	Helicoplacus sp. H. gilberti	Oblong echinoderm.
Eocystites[14]	Eocystites sp.	Echinoderm.

Foraminifera

Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Platysolenites[15]	P. antiquissimus	Agglutinated hyperamminid foraminiferan.
Problematicum A[15]	???	Platysolenites-like tubular test, may be a taphonomic variant of Platysolenites. Also shows a resemblance to Spirosolenites spiralis, Although it differs to much in other ways when compared to Platysolenites and Spirosolenites.

Petalonamae

Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Swartpuntia[16]	Swartpuntia sp.	Sessile frondose organism, although assignment has been questioned based on the possibility that known specimens could be referred to other known Cambrian frondose organisms.[17]

incertae sedis

Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Onuphionella[18]	O. claytonensis	Tubular fossil.
Salterella[19]	Salterella sp.	Tubular salterellid fossil.
Westgardia[20]	W. gigantea	Valve-shaped fossil. Noted to be a mold of the shell, and poor preservation hinders taxonomic placement, although general morphology suggests it to be a mollusc.

Flora

Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Cyanobacteria (?)[7]	???	Calcareous cyanobacteria.
Renalcis[13]	Renalcis sp.	Cyanophyte cyanobacteria.

Ichnogenera

Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Cruziana[14]	Cruziana sp.	Trails.
Planolites[14][2]	Planolites sp.	Burrows.
Scolicia[14]	Scolicia sp.	Burrows.
Rusophycus[14]	Rusophycus sp.	Resting trace of trilobites.
Bergaueria[14]	Bergaueria sp.	Resting trace of cnidarians.
Laevicyclus[14]	Laevicyclus sp.	Traces.
Psammichnites (?)[14]	Psammichnites (?) sp.	Burrows.
Monocraterion[14]	Monocraterion sp.	Burrows.
Skolithos[1][14]	Skolithos sp.	Burrows.

See also

• Earth sciences portal
• United States portal
• Paleontology portal

• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nevada
• Paleontology in Nevada