Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine

The post-Soviet transition in Ukraine was the period following the country's independence in 1991 up until the adoption of its constitution in 1996.

Ukraine Україна Ukrayina
1991–1996
Co-flags (1991–92) Coat of arms (1992–96)
Flag (1992–96):
Capital and largest city	Kyiv
Common languages	Ukrainiana[1] · Russian[2]
Demonym(s)	Ukrainian
Government	Unitary semi-presidential Transitional government
President
• 1991–1994 (first)	Leonid Kravchuk
• 1994–1996 (last)	Leonid Kuchma
Prime Minister
• 1991–1992 (first)	Vitold Fokin
• 1996 (last)	Pavlo Lazarenko
Legislature	Verkhovna Rada[3]
History
• Sovereignty declared	16 June 1990
• Independence declared	24 August 1991
• Referendum	1 December 1991
• Belavezha Accords	10 December 1991
• Independence recognized	26 December 1991
• New Constitution	28 June 1996
Currency	Ukrainian karbovanets
ISO 3166 code	UA
Preceded by Succeeded by 1991: Ukrainian SSR Soviet Union 1992: Ukrainian government-in-exile Ukraine
Today part of	Ukraine Russia (disputed)

Geography

Ukraine's territory (including the Crimean Peninsula) was the same as that of the Ukrainian SSR with a land area of about 603,700 square kilometres (233,100 sq mi).

History

Independence

Further information: Declaration of Independence of Ukraine and Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991

The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the founding states of the Soviet Union (USSR). Prior to its creation, the Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed in 1917 and declared its independence from Russia on 25 January 1918 before being consumed by Soviet Russia in 1921.

In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became head of state of the USSR and introduced several policies, such as the perestroika and glasnost. Instead of saving the Soviet regime, the reforms triggered a number of popular upheavals in Europe, such as the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.

Between 1990 and 1991, several republics of the Soviet Union proclaimed their state sovereignty and then announced their independence. On July 16, 1990, the Ukrainian SSR's parliament issued its 12th legislation proclaiming the sovereignty of Ukraine's territory and the country eventually declared its independence on August 24, 1991. The declaration was then confirmed by the results of the referendum on December 1 later that year, where 90,3 % of voters were in favor of independence.^[4] The same day, Leonid Kravchuk, head of the Supreme Council of Ukraine, was elected as the country's first president. Shortly after, an economic then political crisis developed and Kravchuk organized another presidential election as a response.^[4] In 1992, Mykola Plaviuk, the exiled Ukrainian president, handed over powers to Kravchuk, thus declaring the Ukrainian government a legal successor to the Ukrainian People's Republic.

Crisis in Crimea

See also: Autonomous Republic of Crimea

End of the transitional period

See also: 1994 Ukrainian presidential election

In 1994, Leonid Kuchma was elected by 52% of the voters. He started implementing certain economic reforms paving the way for aid from the International Monetary Fund. However, Kuchma fails to obtain a majority in the following legislative election by parliament and had to share power with the opposition. The 13th legislation was issued by parliament on June 28, 1996, where a constitution was adopted and took effect immediately afterwards. The country's official name became "Ukraine" instead of "Republic of Ukraine".^[4]