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Proto-Kra–Dai language
Reconstructed ancestor of the Kra–Dai languages From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Proto-Kra–Dai (typically abbreviated as PKD) is the proposed reconstructed ancestor of the Kra–Dai languages.
Background
No full reconstruction of Proto-Kra–Dai has been published to date, although tentative reconstructions of many Proto-Kra–Dai roots have been attempted from time to time. Some preliminary Proto-Kra–Dai forms have been reconstructed by Benedict (1975)[1] and Wu (2002). Wu (2002) presents a reconstruction of Proto-Kra–Dai phonemes, which is based on data from the Tai, Kam-Sui, Hlai, and Kra branches.[2]
Liang & Zhang (1996) propose a reconstruction of Proto-Kra–Dai (Chinese: 原始侗台语) initials and finals, using data from all Kra–Dai branches except for Kra and Jiamao.[3]
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Phonology
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Proto-Kra–Dai has the finals *-l and *-c, which have been lost in most present-day Kra–Dai languages.[4] It also has the final stops *-p, *-t, *-k and final nasals *-m, *-n, *-ŋ.[4]
Ostapirat (2023) proposes the following consonant inventory for Proto-Kra–Dai, which is relatively simple compared to that of Proto-Tai and other lower-level reconstructions.[5]
Norquest (2020) proposes the preglottalized sonorants *ʔb, *ʔd, *ʔɖ, *ʔɟ for Proto-Kra–Dai, as part of a four-way phonation distinction in Kra-Dai sonorants consisting of preaspirated, voiceless, plain, and preglottalized sonorants. Norquest (2020) also reconstructs velarized initial consonants (*Cˠ-) in Proto-Kra–Dai.[6]
Below is a table of Proto-Kra–Dai pre-syllables and their developments as proposed by Norquest (2020).[6]
Ostapirat (2023) considers many Proto-Tai spirants and rhotics to have developed from the intervocalic lenition of Proto-Kra–Dai medial obstruents. Voicing in the Proto-Tai initial is determined by the voicing of the preceding consonant in the Proto-Kra–Dai form.[5]
Some Proto-Kra–Dai sesquisyllabic consonant onsets reconstructed by Ostapirat (2023) are:[5]
Liang & Zhang (1996)
Liang & Zhang (1996) propose the following reconstructions of Proto-Kra–Dai (Chinese: 原始侗台语) initials and finals, using data from all Kra–Dai branches except for Kra and Jiamao.[3]
- Initial consonants
- Plain stop initials
- *p, *pw, *pl, *plw, *pr
- *t, *tl, *tr
- *k, *kw, *kl, *klw, *kr, *krw
- *q, *ql, *qr, *ʔ
- *b, *bw, *bl, *blw, *br
- *d, *dl, *dr
- *g, *gw, *gl, *glw, *gr, *grw, *ɢ
- Voiced aspirated initials
- *bɦ, *bwɦ, *brɦ
- *dɦ, *ndlɦ
- *gɦ, *gwɦ
- *ɣɦ, *ɣwɦ, *ɢɦ, *ʁɦ, *sɢrɦ
- Preglottalized initials
- *ʔb, *ʔbw, *ʔbl, *ʔblw
- *ʔd, *ʔdl, *ʔdr
- *ʔm, *ʔml, *ʔmr
- *ʔn, *ʔnl, *ʔnr, *ʔȵ, *ʔŋ, *ʔŋw
- Voiceless nasal initials
- *m̥, *m̥w, *m̥l, *m̥r, *m̥rw
- *n̥, *n̥l, *ȵ̥, *ȵ̥w, *ŋ̥, *ŋ̥w
- Plain nasal initials
- *m, *mw, *ml, *mr
- *n, *nr, *ȵ, *ŋ, *ŋw, *ŋr, *ɴl
- Prenasalized initials
- *mp, *mpl, *mpr
- *nt, *ntl, *ntr
- *ŋk, *ŋkw, *ŋkl
- *mb, *mbl, *mbr
- *nd, *ndl, *ndr
- *ŋg, *ŋgl, *ŋgr
- Glide and liquid initials
- *ʔw, *ʔr, *ʔj
- *w̥, *l̥, *r̥, *j̥
- *w, *l, *r, *j
- Fricative initials
- *s, *sw, *sl, *sr, *ɕ, *x, *xw, *xl, *xr, *h
- *z, *zl, *zr, *ʑ, *ɣ, *ɣw, *ɣl, *ʁ, *ɦ
- Initial clusters beginning with fricatives
- *xp, *xpl, *xpr, *xt, *xk, *xkw, *xkl, *xklw, *xkr, *xkrw, *xq, *xql
- *sp, *spw, *spl, *st, *stl, *str, *sk, *skw, *skl, *skr, *skrw, *sq, *sqr
- *zb, *zd, *zdw, *zgr
- Vowels and diphthongs
- *a, *a, *i̯a, *u̯a, *ɯ̯a
- *ə̯, *i̯ə, *u̯ə
- *ɛ, *i̯ɛ, *e, *i̯e
- *ɔ, *u̯ɔ, *ɯ̯ɔ, *o, *i̯o, *u̯o, *ɯ̯o
- *i̯, *u̯i, *ie ,iə, *ia, *iɛ
- *u, *i̯u, *ɯ̯u, *ue, *uə, *ua, *uo, *uɔ, *uɯ
- *ɯ, *ɯe, *ɯə, *ɯa, *ɯɔ, *ɯu
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Lexicon
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Ostapirat (2018, 2023)
Weera Ostapirat (2018a)[7] reconstructs disyllabic forms for Proto-Kra–Dai, rather than sesquisyllabic or purely monosyllabic forms. His Proto-Kra–Dai reconstructions also contains the finals */-c/ and */-l/.[8] Ostapirat (2018b:113)[9] lists the following of his own Proto-Kra–Dai reconstructions.
Notes:
- */K-/: either /k-/ or /q-/
- */C-/: unspecified consonant
- */T-/ and */N-/ are distinct from */t-/ and */n-/.
Some additional tentative Proto-Kra–Dai reconstructions by Ostapirat (2023) include the following.[5]
Norquest (2020)
Norquest (2020) lists the following of his own Proto-Kra–Dai and other lower-level reconstructions.[6]
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Lower-level reconstructions
Norquest (2021) provides the following lower-level reconstructions for each branch of Kra–Dai.[10]
Note that like Jiamao, Proto-Be does not distinguish between tone categories B and C, but rather only has an X category, which Chen (2018) names as tone category BC.[11]
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See also
Further reading
- Sagart, Laurent. 2019. A model of the origin of Kra-Dai tones. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, 48(1), 1–29. doi:10.1163/19606028-04801004
- Sagart, Laurent. 2020. "Labial fortitions in Kra-Dai." In Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian.
- Norquest, Peter (2021). "Classification of (Tai-)Kadai/Kra-Dai languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 225–246. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-013. ISBN 9783110558142. S2CID 238672319.
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Notes
References
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