Voiceless uvular plosive

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨q⟩ in IPA From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Voiceless uvular plosive

The voiceless uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is pronounced like a voiceless velar plosive [k], except that the tongue makes contact not on the soft palate but on the uvula. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is q, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is q.

Quick Facts q, IPA number ...
Voiceless uvular plosive
q
IPA number111
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)q
Unicode (hex)U+0071
X-SAMPAq
Braille
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There is also the voiceless pre-uvular plosive[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical uvular consonant, though not as front as the prototypical velar consonant. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as or (both symbols denote an advanced q) or (retracted k). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are q_+ and k_-, respectively.

Features

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Features of the voiceless uvular stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

More information Language, Word ...
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AbazaхъацӀа/qac’a[qat͡sʼa]'man'
Adygheатакъэ/atáqa[ataːqa]'rooster'
Aleut[2]ҟи́гаҟъ/qiighax̂[qiːɣaχ]'grass'
Arabic Modern Standard[3] قـط/qiṭṭ [qitˤː] 'cat' See Arabic phonology
Hejazi قِـمَّة/qimma [qɪmːa] 'peak' Allophone of /g/. See Hejazi Arabic phonology
Gulf[4]غـداً/qaden[qədæn]'tomorrow'Corresponds to /ɣ/ in other dialects.
Algerian
Assyrianܩܐ/qa[qa]'for'Often realized as a tense /k/[vague] rather than uvular /q/.
Archiхъал/q"ál[qaːl]'human skin'
Avá-Canoeiro[5] [ˈqɔːtõ] 'this' Possible realisation of /k/. In the speech of people aged 40 to 80 years, the consonant is in free variation with [qˤ], [qʰ] and [k] in post-tonic or primarily or secondarily stressed syllables.[5]
Bashkir ҡаҙ/q [qɑð] 'goose'
Chechenкхоъ/qo’[qɔʔ]'three'
Chukchi Нычымйыӄэн/nyčymjyḳèn [nət͡ʃəmjəqen] 'bitter'
Crimean TatarКъырым/Qırım[qɯ.rɯm]'Crimea'
Dawsahak[qoq]'dry'
EnglishAustralian[6]caught[ḵʰoːt]'caught'Pre-uvular; allophone of /k/ before ɔ ʊə/.[6] See Australian English phonology
Multicultural London[7][8]cut[qʌt]'cut'Allophone of /k/ before non-high back vowels.[8][9]
Non-local Dublin[10]back[bɑq]'back'Allophone of /k/ after a retracted vowel for some speakers.[10]
Eyaku:jih[qʊːtʃɪ̤]'wolf'
GermanChemnitz dialect[11]Rock[qɔkʰ]'skirt'In free variation with [ʁ̞], [ʁ], [χ] and [ʀ̥].[11] Does not occur in the coda.[11]
Greenlandicilloqarpoq[iɬːoqɑppɔq]'he has a house'See Greenlandic phonology
HebrewBiblicalקול/qol[qol]'voice'See Biblical Hebrew phonology
MizrahiSee Mizrahi Hebrew
Shar'ab Temaniקול/qöl[qøːl]See Yemenite Hebrew
Hmong White Hmong𖬆𖬰𖬦𖬵 / qub[qu˦]'old', 'ancient', 'outdated' or 'archaic'
Hungariankorom[qorom]'soot'Possible allophone of /k/ before back vowels. See Hungarian phonology
Hindustani Hindi बर्क़/barq [bərq] 'lightning' Mostly in Hindi–Urdu loanwords from Arabic, pronounced mainly in Urdu and by educated Hindi speakers, with rural Hindi speakers often pronouncing it as a [k]. See Hindustani phonology[12][13][14]
Urdu بَرق/barq
Ibaloi kolpot 'cloud'
Inuktitutᐃᐦᐃᑉᕆᐅ/ihipqiuqtuq[ihipɢiuqtuq]'explore'See Inuit phonology
Iraqwqeet[qeːt]'break'
Kabardianкъэбэрдей/qabardey[qabardej]'Kabardian'
Kabyleⵜⴰⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ[θɐqβæjlɪθ]'Kabyle language'May be voiced [ɢ].
taqbaylit
ثاقـبيليث
Kavalanqaqa[qaqa]'elder brother'
KazakhҚазақстан/Qazaqstan[qɑzɑqˈstɑn]'Kazakhstan'An allophone of /k/ before back vowels
Ketқан/qan[qan]'begin'
Klallamqəmtəm[qəmtəm]'iron'
KurdishSorani قـوتابخانە/qutabxane[qutɑbxɑnə]'School'An allophone of /k/ before back vowels
Kurmanji Qalikdar[qɑlɯkdɑr]'crustacean'An allophone of /k/ before back vowels
Kutenaiqaykiťwu[qajkitʼwu]'nine'
Kyrgyz Кыргызстан/Qırğızstan[qɯrʁɯsˈstɑn]'Kyrgyzstan'An allophone of /k/ before back vowels
Lishan Didan Urmi Dialect אקלא/aqla [aqlɑ] 'foot, leg'
Maltese Archaic Cottonera Dialect qattus [qɐˈtːuːs] 'cat'
Maltoक़ान/qán[qa:n]'eye'Corresponds to /x/ in other North Dravidian languages.
Nez Perceʔaw̓líwaaʔinpqawtaca[ʔawˀɪlwaːʔinpqawtat͡sa]'I go to scoop him up in the fire'
Nivkhтяқр̆/täqŕ[tʲaqr̥]'three'
OssetianIronДзæуджыхъæу/Zawjëqaw[ˈzə̹ʊ̯d͡ʒɪ̈qə̹ʊ̯]'Vladikavkaz'
PersianEarly New Persianقَـاشُق/qaşuq*/qaːʃuq/'spoon'May be allophonicly voiced to [ɢ] before a voiced stop. See Persian phonology.
Dari standard[qɑːˈʃʊq]
Tajik standardқошуқ/qoşuq[qɔʃuq]
Some Iranian speakersقـورباغه/qurbağe[qurbɒɣe]'frog'In Western Iranian dialects /q/ and /ɣ/ have merged into /ɢ/. Though some dialects in eastern Iran may preserve the distinction in some words. See Persian phonology.
Quechua[15]qallu[qaʎu]'tongue'
Sahaptinqu[qu]'heavy'
SeediqSeediq[ˈseˈʔediq]'Seediq'
Seereer-Siin[16][example needed]
Shorқам/qam[qɑm]'shaman'
Somaliqaab[qaːb]'shape'See Somali phonology
St’át’imcetsteq[təq]'to touch'
Tlingitghagw[qɐ́kʷ]'tree spine'Tlingit contrasts six different uvular stops
Tatarкайдан/qaydan[qɑj.dɑn]'from where?'
Tsimshiangwildma̱p'a[ɡʷildmqɑpʼa]'tobacco'
Turkmenak[ɑ:q]'white'Allophone of /k/ next to back vowels
Ubykhqhë[qʰɜ]'grave'One of ten distinct uvular stop phonemes. See Ubykh phonology
Uyghurئاق/aq[ɑq]'white'
Uzbek[17]qol[q̟oɫ]'arm'Pre-uvular; sometimes realized as an affricate [q͡χ˖].[17]
Western Neo-AramaicBakh'a[example needed]Pre-uvular, though in Ma'loula it is slightly more front.
Ma'loula[example needed]
Yup'ikmeq[məq]'fresh water'
YukaghirNorthernмаарх/márq[maːrq]'one'
Southernатахл/ataql[ataql]'two'
!Xóõǀqháá[ǀ͡qʰɑ́ː]'to smooth'
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See also

Notes

References

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