Trans–São Francisco languages

The Trans–São Francisco languages^[1] (Portuguese: Transanfranciscano) are a proposed grouping of languages within Macro-Jê. They consist of the Krenák, Maxakalían, and possibly also the Kamakã families. The Trans–São Francisco group was originally proposed and demonstrated by Nikulin and Silva (2020) under the name of Maxakalí-Krenák.^[2]

Trans–São Francisco
Transanfranciscano
Geographic distribution	São Francisco River basin of Northeast Brazil
Linguistic classification	Macro-Jê Eastern Trans–São Francisco
Subdivisions	Krenák Maxakalí ? Kamakã †
Language codes
Glottolog	None
The Macro-Jê families according to Kaufman

They are named after the São Francisco River of Northeast Brazil.^[1]

Classification

Internal classification of Trans–São Francisco by Nikulin (2020):^[1]

• Trans–São Francisco
  • Krenák (Borum)
  • Maxakalían
    • Malalí
    • Nuclear Maxakalían
      • Maxakalí
      • Ritual Maxakalí; Makoní
      • Pataxó; Pataxó-Hãhãhãe
      • Koropó
  • ? Kamakã (possibly part of Trans–São Francisco)
    • Masakará
    • Southern Kamakã
      • Menien
      • Kamakã; Kotoxó/Mongoyó

Proto-language

Map of the São Francisco River basin

Proto-Trans–São Francisco
Reconstruction of	Trans–São Francisco languages
Reconstructed ancestor	Proto-Macro-Jê
Lower-order reconstructions	Proto-Kamakã

Proto-Trans–São Francisco has been reconstructed by Nikulin (2020),^[1] while there is also a Proto-Kamakã reconstruction by Martins (2007).^[3]

See also

• Macro-Jê languages
• Kariri languages#Other languages called 'Kariri'
• List of unclassified languages of South America § Northeast Brazil

Further reading

• Nikulin, Andrey and Mário André Coelho da Silva. As línguas Maxakalí e Krenák dentro do tronco Macro-Jê. Cadernos de Etnolingüística (ISSN 1946-7095), (8)1:1-64.