Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party

"Central Propaganda Department" redirects here. For the Vietnamese department, see Central Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of Vietnam.

The Publicity Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, also known as the Propaganda Department or Central Propaganda Department, is an internal division of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in charge of spreading its ideology, media regulation, as well as creation and dissemination of propaganda. The department is also one of the main entities that enforces media censorship and control in the People's Republic of China. The department is a key organ in the CCP's propaganda system, and its inner operations are highly secretive.

Publicity Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

中国共产党中央委员会宣传部
Headquarters of the Publicity Department
Abbreviation	Zhongxuanbu (中宣部)
Formation	May 1924; 101 years ago (1924-05)
Type	Department directly reporting to the Central Committee Ministerial level agency
Headquarters	5 Chang'an Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing
Coordinates	39°55′26″N 116°23′55″E
Head	Li Shulei
Executive deputy head	Hu Heping
Deputy heads	Shen Haixiong*, Zhuang Rongwen*, Cao Shumin*, Sun Yeli*, Zhang Jianchun, Wang Gang
Parent organization	Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Subsidiaries	National Radio and Television Administration China International Communications Group National Office for the Fight Against Pornography and Illegal Publications
Website	www.wenming.cn
*Maintains full minister-level rank

CCP Central Publicity Department (common abbreviation)
Simplified Chinese	中共中央宣传部
Traditional Chinese	中共中央宣傳部
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Xuānchuán Bù

History

Former site in Hankou

The department was founded in May 1924. At its 1924 establishment, the department was structured using its counterpart in the Soviet Union as a model.^[1]: 136

In 1938, Mao Zedong stated that the department's focus should be publishing text books for soldiers and instructional material for cadres.^[2]: 134

During World War II, the department was assigned leadership and censorship tasks in the areas of theory, opinion, education, and culture as part of the war effort.^[1]: 136

After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the department had an increased role in activities related to mass organizations like trade unions, artists' associations, and party branches.^[1]: 136 It became an important mechanism for mass line politics.^[1]: 136

In 1967, the department established the Office for the Translation of Chairman Mao's works.^[3]: 86

The department was suspended during the Cultural Revolution, until it was restored in October 1977.^[4] A 1977 directive on the re-establishment of the Central Propaganda Department reveals the structure and organization of the "extremely secretive" body, according to Anne-Marie Brady.^[4] The directive states that the department will be set up with one Director and several deputies, and the organizational structure will be set up with one office and five bureaus. The office is in charge of political, secretarial and administrative work, and the five bureaus are: the Bureau of Theory, Bureau of Propaganda and Education, Bureau of Arts and Culture, Bureau of News, and Bureau of Publishing. The directive states that the staff will be fixed at around 200 personnel, selected from propaganda personnel across the country in consultation with the Central Organization Department.^[4]

New departments and offices were set up in 2004 to deal with the growing demands of information control.^{[needs update]} One, the Bureau of Public Opinion, is in charge of commissioning public opinion surveys and other relevant research.^[4]

The department organized networks of cultural workers' associations which were headed by the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles.^[1]: 136 The state incorporated existing cultural enterprises into the state apparatus, which provided stable income and working environments for artists.^[1]: 136

In 2018, the newly created National Radio and Television Administration was put under its control as part of the deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions.^[5][6]

Name

The CCPPD has several Chinese names with various different English translations. Officially it is the Zhōngguó Gòngchăndǎng Zhōngyāng Wěiyuánhuì Xuānchuánbù "Chinese Communist Party Central Committee Publicity Department" or Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Xuānchuánbù "Chinese Communist Party Central Publicity Department" or "Central Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China", colloquially abbreviated as the Zhōnggòng Xuānchuánbù "Chinese Communist Party Publicity Department" or "Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China", or simply Zhōng xuānbù (中宣部).^[7]

The term xuanchuan (宣传 "propaganda; publicity") has a neutral connotation. Some xuanchuan collocations can be translated as "propaganda" (e.g., xuānchuánzhàn 宣传战 "propaganda war"), others as "publicity" (xuānchuán méijiè 宣传媒介 "mass media; means of publicity"), and still others are ambiguous (xuānchuányuán 宣传员 "propagandist; publicist").^[8]

The Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Xuānchuán Bù changed its official English name from "Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China" to "Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China".^[9][7] As China's involvement in world affairs grew in the 1990s, the CCP became sensitive to the negative connotations of the English translation propaganda for xuanchuan.^[10] Official replacement translations include publicity, information, and political communication^[4]: 73 When Ding Guangen traveled abroad on official visits, he was known as the Minister of Information.^[11]

External names

Under the "one institution with two names" system, the Central Propaganda Department has several external names it uses when dealing with a particular manner (i.e., a public government statement). These names include:

• State Council Information Office (SCIO, absorbed in 2014)^[12]
• National Press and Publication Administration (NPPA)
• National Copyright Administration (NCA)
• China Film Administration (CFA)

Function

Further information: Propaganda in China, Censorship in China, Internet censorship in China, and Chinese information operations and information warfare

The Central Propaganda Department has a "direct leadership (Chinese: 领导; pinyin: lingdao)" role in the media control system, working with other organizations like the National Radio and Television Administration.^[4]: 17 The Central Propaganda Department's tasks include managing, guiding, and censoring China's newspaper, publishing, radio, television, and film industries to align with the CCP.^[13] Internet censorship is handled by the Cyberspace Administration of China. The department also engages in propaganda work for both domestic and foreign audiences designed to increase support for the CCP, and is also responsible for researching, devising, and disseminating the ideology of the CCP, CCP theory and the Core Socialist Values. Additionally, the department monitors and researches public opinion about public support for CCP policies and to track potential political instability and engages in arts, culture, foreign cultural exchanges, as well as human rights propaganda.^[14]

According to Bill Schiller of the Toronto Star, its scope is to control licensing of media outlets, and to give instructions to the media on what is and what is not to be said, especially about certain issues, like Taiwan, Tibet, etc., that can affect state security, or the rule of the CCP.^[15] He says its central offices are located in an unmarked building near the Zhongnanhai at 5 West Chang'an Avenue, although the department has offices throughout the country at the provincial, municipal, and county level.^[15] Schiller says the editors-in-chief of China's major media outlets must attend the department's central office weekly to receive instructions on which stories should be emphasized, downplayed, or not reported at all.^[15] These instructions are not normally known to the public, but are communicated to media workers at the weekly meeting or via secret bulletins.^[15] However, since the rise of social networking tools, Propaganda Department instructions have been leaked to the internet. Examples presented by Schiller include "All websites need to use bright red color to promote a celebratory atmosphere [of the 60th anniversary of the People's Republic]" and "negative reports... not exceed 30 per cent".^[15]

Propaganda Department directives are enforced by disciplines within the CCP, as all media in China are required to be loyal to the CCP, and are to serve as propaganda organs for the CCP in principle.^[4][16] Operational and reporting freedom increased in the Chinese media in the early 2000s.^[17] However, open defiance against the Propaganda Department directives is rare, as dissenting media organizations risk severe punishment, including restructuring or closure.^[17] In 2000, a system of warnings was introduced for individual journalists, whereby repeat offenses can lead to dismissal.^[15] One Chinese journalist, Shi Tao, was sentenced to prison after giving Propaganda Department instructions to a pro-democracy website; according to an American organization, the Dui Hua Foundation, the case was related to "illegally providing state secrets to foreign entities".^[18]

One important way the Propaganda Department has ensured that the media system remains well controlled is by ensuring that the boundaries of acceptable reporting are kept "deliberately fuzzy" in an effort to ensure that "news workers self-censor to a critical degree."^[17]

Credentialing and monitoring media personnel

According to a report from Freedom House, the Central Propaganda Department is the most important institution for monitoring media personnel and controlling the content of print and visual media.^[19]

The report says that the Central Propaganda Department plays a key role in monitoring editors and journalists through a national registration system. It also says that in 2003, the CPD, along with the General Administration of Press and Publication and the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film, and Television, required Chinese journalists to attend nearly 50 hours of training on Marxism, the role of CCP leadership in the media, copyright law, libel law, national security law, regulations governing news content, and journalistic ethics prior to renewing press identification passes in 2003.^[19] The report states that media personnel are required to participate in "ideological training sessions", where they are evaluated for their "loyalty to the party." Further "political indoctrination" courses are said to occur at meetings and training retreats to study party political ideology, and the role of the media in "thought work" (sīxiǎng gōngzuò 思想工作).^[19]

As of 2009^[update], 90 percent of China's newspapers consisted of light stories regarding sport and entertainment, which are rarely regulated.^{[15][needs update]}

In 2019, the Media Oversight Office (传媒监管局) of the Central Propaganda Department announced that training and testing of news professionals nationwide would be handled through the Xuexi Qiangguo mobile app.^[20][21]

According to Radio Free Asia, in December 2022, the department issued a directive stating that in order to obtain credentials as a professional journalist, they must pass a national exam and "...must support the leadership of the Communist Party of China, conscientiously study, publicize and implement Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, resolutely implement the party’s theory, line, principles and policies, and adhere to the correct political direction and public opinion guidance."^[22]

Structure

The leadership of the Propaganda Department is selected with guidance from the CCP General Secretary and the Politburo Standing Committee member responsible for the media, while local committees of the Propaganda Department work with lower levels of the party-state hierarchy to transmit content priorities to the media.^[19] The department's inner operations are highly secretive.^[23] The department has the following organization:^{[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]}

Internal organization

• General Office
• Policy and Regulation Research Office
• Cadre Bureau
• Theory Bureau
• Publicity and Education Bureau
• Culture and Arts Bureau
• Public Opinion Information Bureau
• Government Information Bureau
• External Information Bureau
• International Liaison Bureau
• External Promotion Bureau
• International Communications Bureau
• Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Information Bureau
• Human Rights Affairs Bureau (Human Rights Affairs Bureau of the State Council Information Office)
• Publishing House
• Media Regulatory Authority
• Printing and Distribution Bureau
• Office for the Fight Against Pornography and Illegal Publications (National Office for the Fight Against Pornography and Illegal Publications)
• Copyright Administration
• Import and Export Administration
• Film Bureau
• Civilization Creation Bureau
• Civilization Cultivation Bureau
• Civilized Practice Bureau
• Retired Cadres Bureau
• National Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences
• Office of Cultural System Reform and Development
• Administration Bureau
• Party Committee

Public institution managed by the Publicity Department

• China International Communications Group

Directly affiliated institutions

• Publicity Department Service Center (Information Center)
• Publicity and Public Opinion Research Center of the Publicity Department
• People's Publishing House
• China Press and Publication Research Institute
• News and Publishing Newspapers
• China Copyright Protection Center
• China National Library of Editions (Central Publicity Department Publications Data Center)
• Central Publicity Department Publication Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Central Publicity Department Publication Review Center)
• National Publishing Fund Planning and Management Office
• China Research Institute of Film Science and Technology
• Film Technology Quality Inspection Institute of the Central Publicity Department
• China Film Archive (China Film Art Research Center)
• Film Script Planning and Design Center of the Central Publicity Department
• Film Digital Program Management Center of the Central Publicity Department
• Office of the National Film Industry Development Special Fund Management Committee
• Film Satellite Channel Program Production Center of the Central Publicity Department
• Human Rights Development and Exchange Center of the Central Publicity Department (Human Rights Development and Exchange Center of the State *Council Information Office)
• National Publicity Cadres College
• Party Building Magazine
• Current Affairs Report Magazine
• China Daily
• Editorial Department of China Civilization Network
• Museum of the Chinese Communist Party
• Ideological and Political Work Research Magazine

Directly affiliated enterprises

• China Film Group Corporation
• China International Communication Center
• Learning Publishing Company Limited
• China News Publishing & Media Group
• Thread Bookstore
• China Book Publishing House

Responsible social groups

• Chinese Society of Ideological and Political Work

Other

The department publishes a journal called International Communication (Chinese: 对外传播).^[32] The Central Propaganda Department owns and runs the following organizations:

• China Human Rights Foundation^[33]

The department also owns and controls the following state-owned enterprises:

• China Publishing Group^[34]
• China International Communication Center^[35]
• China Intercontinental Press^[36]
• China Intercontinental Communication Center^[36]
• Global Tone Communication Technology (GTCOM)^[37][38]

Leaders

Main article: Head of the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party

Composition as of the 20th Central Committee

• Head
  • Li Shulei, member of the Politburo
• Executive deputy head
  • Hu Heping, minister of Culture and Tourism, member of the Central Committee
• Deputy heads
  • Shen Haixiong, ministerial-level, head of the China Media Group, member of the CCP Central Committee
  • Zhuang Rongwen, ministerial-level, director of the Cyberspace Administration of China, member of the Central Committee
  • Cao Shumin, ministerial-level, director of the National Radio and Television Administration, alternate member of the Central Committee
  • Sun Yeli, ministerial-level, director of the State Council Information Office
  • Zhang Jianchun
  • Wang Gang

Further reading

• Brady, Anne-Marie (2006-02-01). "Guiding Hand: The Role of the CCP Central Propaganda Department in the Current Era". Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture. 3 (1). University of Westminster Press: 58–77. doi:10.16997/wpcc.15.