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Pyrenean Bronze
Archeological culture in Western Europe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Pyrenean Bronze (also known as Northeastern Bronze) is a regional European Bronze Age culture, known from archaeological facies, that spread through the Spanish provinces of Girona, Barcelona, Lleida and the eastern half of Huesca; also it spread through the French departments of the Pyrenees-Orientales and Aude.[1]
From the Bell Beaker culture (2750-2300 BC), two regional styles appeared in Catalonia, one being the Pyrenean and the other the Salomó (from which the North-East Group was derived). These two styles coexisted at the same time in the provinces of Barcelona and the south of Lleida. From 1650 A.C. the Pyrenean ceramic style gave way to carinated cups, to pots with smooth or digitated cords, as well as to vessels with button appendages on the handle.[2]
Few settlements are known: Lo Lladre (Llo, Pyrenees-Orientales), Collet de Brics (Ardèvol, Lleida), Institut A. Pous (Manlleu, Barcelona), Roques del Sarró (Lleida), Cedre (Santa Coloma, Andorra).
Advanced bronze metallurgy was developed: flat axes,[3][4] needles, rivet daggers, arrowheads, as well as a diadem and two spiral bracelets found in the Montanissell cave. Possibly many of the techniques used had a North Italian origin in the Polada culture (2200–1600 BC).[5][6]
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Several funeral formats were used:
- pits such as Mas d’en Boixos (Pacs, Barcelona),[7] Bosc del Quer (Sant Julià de Vilatorta, Barcelona),[8] Can Bonastre (Martorell, Barcelona).
- reuse of silos, such as Camp Cinzano (1950-1650 BC).
- reuse of Chalcolithic hypogea: Carrer Paris (Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona).
- hypogean pits (wells with a side chamber), for collective use: Mas d’en Boixos (Pacs, Barcelona),[9] Bosc del Quer (Sant Julià de Vilatorta, Barcelona), Can Bonastre (Martorell, Barcelona).
- cists like Camp Cinzano (Vilafranca del Penedès, Barcelona),[10] or Vall de Miarnau (Llardecans, Lleida).[11]
- caves with collective burials: Bòfia de Sant Jaume (Montmajor, Barcelona), Cova M del Cingle Blanc (Arbolí, Tarragona), Cova de la Pesseta (Torrelles de Foix, Barcelona), Galls Carboners (Mont-ral, Tarragona),[12] Cova del Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona),[13] Montanissell cave (Call de Nargó, Lleida).[14]
- paradolmens or cave-dolmens such Tossal Gros (Torroella de Montgrí) in Girona, Masia (Torrelles de Foix, Barcelona), Tafania (Ventalló, Girona), Balma dels Ossos (Sallent, Barcelona), Cova Verda (Sitges, Barcelona), etc.
- dolmens (Pyrenean chambers or simple chambers) with stone mounds: Creu de la Llosa, Serrat d'en Jacques, Santes Masses (Solsona, Lleida), Dolmen de Molers (Saldes, Barcelona), Castelltallat (Sant Mateu de Bages, Barcelona), Serra de Clarena (Castellfollit del Boix, Barcelona), Maioles (Rubió, Barcelona), etc.[15][16][17]
With regard to the megalithic traditions of the Pyrenean Bronze Age, the menhir and cromlech of Mas Baleta (La Jonquera, Girona) also must be included.[18]
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Genetic profile
Some individuals who lived in the Pyrenean Bronze area were genetically tested. From the collective funerary cave known as Grotte Basse de la Vigne Perdue, near Narbonne, an individual was assigned to Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b-Z195 (being its ancestor Haplogroup R-DF27).[19] Also from another collective funerary cave, the Cova del Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona), a male from the middle of the second millennium was assigned to Y-chromosome R1b-P310. Another individual from the Can Roqueta II necropolis in Sabadell (Barcelona), was from the subclade R1b-P312.[20] A male buried in the collective inhumation hypogeum found in Miquel Vives street (Terrassa, Barcelona), also was assigned to R1b-P310.[21]
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See also
References
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