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Q-Gaussian process

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q-Gaussian processes are deformations of the usual Gaussian distribution. There are several different versions of this; here we treat a multivariate deformation, also addressed as q-Gaussian process, arising from free probability theory and corresponding to deformations of the canonical commutation relations. For other deformations of Gaussian distributions, see q-Gaussian distribution and Gaussian q-distribution.

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History

The q-Gaussian process was formally introduced in a paper by Frisch and Bourret[1] under the name of parastochastics, and also later by Greenberg[2] as an example of infinite statistics. It was mathematically established and investigated in papers by Bozejko and Speicher[3] and by Bozejko, Kümmerer, and Speicher[4] in the context of non-commutative probability.

It is given as the distribution of sums of creation and annihilation operators in a q-deformed Fock space. The calculation of moments of those operators is given by a q-deformed version of a Wick formula or Isserlis formula. The specification of a special covariance in the underlying Hilbert space leads to the q-Brownian motion,[4] a special non-commutative version of classical Brownian motion.

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q-Fock space

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In the following is fixed. Consider a Hilbert space . On the algebraic full Fock space

where with a norm one vector , called vacuum, we define a q-deformed inner product as follows:

where is the number of inversions of .

The q-Fock space[5] is then defined as the completion of the algebraic full Fock space with respect to this inner product

For the q-inner product is strictly positive.[3][6] For and it is positive, but has a kernel, which leads in these cases to the symmetric and anti-symmetric Fock spaces, respectively.

For we define the q-creation operator , given by

Its adjoint (with respect to the q-inner product), the q-annihilation operator , is given by

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q-commutation relations

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Those operators satisfy the q-commutation relations[7]

For , , and this reduces to the CCR-relations, the Cuntz relations, and the CAR-relations, respectively. With the exception of the case the operators are bounded.

q-Gaussian elements and definition of multivariate q-Gaussian distribution (q-Gaussian process)

Operators of the form for are called q-Gaussian[5] (or q-semicircular[8]) elements.

On we consider the vacuum expectation state , for .

The (multivariate) q-Gaussian distribution or q-Gaussian process[4][9] is defined as the non commutative distribution of a collection of q-Gaussians with respect to the vacuum expectation state. For the joint distribution of with respect to can be described in the following way,:[1][3] for any we have

where denotes the number of crossings of the pair-partition . This is a q-deformed version of the Wick/Isserlis formula.

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q-Gaussian distribution in the one-dimensional case

For p = 1, the q-Gaussian distribution is a probability measure on the interval , with analytic formulas for its density.[10] For the special cases , , and , this reduces to the classical Gaussian distribution, the Wigner semicircle distribution, and the symmetric Bernoulli distribution on . The determination of the density follows from old results[11] on corresponding orthogonal polynomials.

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Operator algebraic questions

The von Neumann algebra generated by , for running through an orthonormal system of vectors in , reduces for to the famous free group factors . Understanding the structure of those von Neumann algebras for general q has been a source of many investigations.[12] It is now known, by work of Guionnet and Shlyakhtenko,[13] that at least for finite I and for small values of q, the von Neumann algebra is isomorphic to the corresponding free group factor.

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References

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