Qasr Bshir

Qasr Bshir (Arabic: قصر بشير; Latin: Castra Praetorii Mobeni) is an ancient Roman fort in modern-day Jordan. Isolated in an area of the desert rippled with shallow valleys that drain into the Wadi Mujib river,^[1] it is about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of the capital city, Amman. The structure is not visible from any settlement or Jordan's Desert Highway.^[2] It measures about 57 metres (187 ft) square and stands three storeys tall.^[3] Qasr Bshir is one of the best-preserved Roman castellums (small forts),^[4] and it retains its Latin inscription above the entrance.^[5][7]

Qasr Bshir
Jordan
Exterior
Location
Qasr Bshir Location within Jordan
Coordinates	31.33725°N 35.980972°E / 31.33725; 35.980972
Site history
Built	3rd century AD
Built by	Romans
Demolished	8th century AD

The fort was part of the Limes Arabicus, a chain of forts and watchtowers on the eastern desert frontier of the Roman Empire.^[8] Construction began in the third century AD,^[9] during the Tetrarchy, when Rome was divided between four emperors. Emperor Diocletian sought to secure Rome's far eastern border with a string of fortifications.^[10] The Limes Arabicus, or Arabian frontier, protected the Roman provinces of Syria and Arabia Petraea from raids by Arabian nomads. Each location was just far enough apart to maintain communication between them.^[10] Satellite imagery has since revealed many smaller outposts scattered to the east, indicating that Qasr Bshir was likely part of a trade network stretching into Persia.^[11] Although it is now located where the Syrian Desert meets the semi-arid steppe country in the Jordanian Highlands, the area once experienced higher rainfall and there is evidence of agriculture during classical antiquity.^[12] By AD 500, the eastern forts, including Qasr Bshir, were abandoned.^[10] Centuries later, the site was reoccupied by the Umayyads until earthquakes in 747 and 749 destroyed much of the building.^[13]

Since historians Rudolf Ernst Brünnow and Alfred von Domaszewski began documenting the site in the late nineteenth century, significant additional damage has appeared in the structure. Large cracks not visible in their photographs have formed, and entire rooms have collapsed.^[13] Extensive archaeological excavations were carried out during the 1980s.^[14] To study how the Romans would have communicated with Betthorus over a dozen kilometres away, archaeologists manned outposts on the Limes in 1982, including Qasr Bshir and the nearby watchtower Qasr Abu el-Kharaq. They used smoke signals by day and torches by night to test how effectively messages could travel along the frontier, finding that, although winds could hinder smoke visibility, mirrors were visible within 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) during the day and torches were visible up to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) at night.^[15][16] The site is listed on the Jordanian Tentative List as a potential UNESCO World Heritage Site, and may become a World Heritage Site contingent upon measures to preserve it. Weathering and looting of stones continue to threaten the structure, and one tower supported by a single remaining cornerstone is in danger of collapsing.^[12]

Interior