Reference mark

The reference mark or reference symbol "※" is a typographic mark or word used in Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) writing.

※
Reference mark
In Unicode	U+203B ※ REFERENCE MARK (komejirushi, chamgopyo)
Different from
Different from	U+205C ⁜ DOTTED CROSS U+1360 ፠ ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK
Related
See also	U+002A * ASTERISK (*, *)

Handwritten notice in Japanese. Note the komejirushi at the bottom of each page, preceding the footnotes.

The symbol was used historically to call attention to an important sentence or idea, such as a prologue or footnote.^[1] As an indicator of a note, the mark serves the same purpose as the asterisk in English. However, in Japanese usage, the note text is placed directly into the main text immediately after the reference mark, rather than at the bottom of the page or end of chapter as is the case in English writing.

Names

The Japanese name, komejirushi (Japanese: こめじるし; 米印, pronounced [komedʑiꜜɾɯɕi], lit. 'rice symbol'), refers to the symbol's visual similarity to the kanji for "rice" (米).^[2]

In Korean, the symbol's name, chamgopyo (Korean: 참고표; 参考表), simply means "reference mark". Informally, the symbol is often called danggujangpyo (당구장표; lit. 'billiard hall mark'), as it is often used to indicate the presence of pool halls, due to its visual similarity to two crossed cue sticks and four billiard balls.

In Chinese, the symbol is called cānkǎo biāojì (Chinese: 参考标记; lit. 'reference mark') or mǐ xīnghào (Chinese: 米星号; lit. 'rice asterisk' due to its visual similarity to 米 "rice"). It is not often used in Chinese writing.

Unicode

In Unicode, the symbol has code point U+203B ※ REFERENCE MARK.

See also

• Syncword – "Preamble" to communications message data after a header, also called reference signal or midamble in wireless communications.
• Dagger (mark) – Typographical mark indicating footnotes