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Rhabdophis

Genus of snakes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rhabdophis
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Rhabdophis is a genus of snakes in the subfamily Natricinae of the family Colubridae. Species in the genus Rhabdophis are generally called keelback snakes, and are found primarily in Southeast Asia. The best-known species is Rhabdophis tigrinus; few other species have been studied in detail.

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Toxicity

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Colubrid snakes are often thought of as completely harmless, but there are a handful of notable exceptions, including some species of Rhabdophis. Bites from both Rhabdophis tigrinus and Rhabdophis subminiatus have caused cases of severe envenomation.[1][2][3][4] There are several reports of fatal bites from R. tigrinus.[5][6] Between 1971 and 2020, 5 of 43 R. tigrinus bites in Japan were fatal,[7] all of which occurred in cases not treated with antivenom. Antivenom is manufactured by the Japan Snake Institute [8] and is an effective treatment for R. tigrinus bites,[9][10] but is an unapproved drug. The venom is highly hemorrhagic.[11][12]

While the term "poisonous snake" is often incorrectly used for a wide variety of venomous snakes, some species of Rhabdophis are in fact poisonous as well as venomous. Many species of Rhabdophis have specialized nuchal glands on the back of the neck [13] that are used to store cardiotonic steroids (bufadienolides) sequestered from their diet,[14] mostly from toads but also from firefly larvae.[15] Rhabdophis are resistant to the toxic effects of these chemicals.[16] This is different from their venom, which is produced in oral glands and is not known to contain bufadienolides or other sequestered toxins. Female Rhabdophis tigrinus can pass sequestered chemicals to their offspring, both by deposition in egg yolk and by transfer across the egg membranes within the oviduct, late in gestation.[17]

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Recent taxonomic changes

In 2018, Balanophis ceylonensis and three of the four species in the genus Macropisthodon were reassigned to Rhabdophis on the basis of three genes indicating a common ancestor for all species possessing nuchal glands.[18] At least two species, “R”. conspicillatus and “R”. chrysargos, are more distantly related and might be assigned to other genera in the future. The same analysis suggested that Rhabdophis might contain several undescribed species.

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Species

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These species are recognized as being valid:[19]

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Rhabdophis.

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References

Further reading

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