Roseto effect

The Roseto effect refers to a 1964 study done in mid-20th century Roseto, Pennsylvania, which claimed to have found lower incidence of heart disease there and attributed this, without evidence, to strong social bonds within a tight-knit immigrant community. Later studies failed to find evidence supporting this thesis and raised numerous methodological flaws with it, noting that Roseto's rate of deaths from heart attacks is comparable to Framingham, Massachusetts, the only other town from the era for which comparable data exists.^{[1][unreliable source]} Studies also attributed any difference in heart disease to the town's diet, particularly moderate wine consumption.^[2]

The effect takes its name from Roseto, Pennsylvania. In 1961, the local Roseto doctor, Benjamin Falcone, told Stewart Wolf, then head of Medicine at the University of Oklahoma, that the community had a low rate of myocardial infarction among its Italian American residents, which sparked a series of investigations.^[3][4] Researchers later conducted a 50-year study comparing Roseto to nearby Bangor. As predicted, heart disease rates in Roseto rose and matched those of neighboring towns as residents gradually adopted more individualistic lifestyles and abandoned traditional social structures.^[3]

While the study did not examine diet in a rigorous fashion, it noted the impression that they consumed large amounts of fat.^[4][3][1]

Wolf and his colleagues attributed the community’s health to its social environment, though they cited no evidence for this.^[1] In a People magazine interview, Wolf noted: "'The community,' Wolf says, 'was very cohesive. There was no keeping up with the Joneses. Houses were very close together, and everyone lived more or less alike.'"^[5]

Later research

Recent scholarship has revisited the Roseto Effect with more scrutiny. A 2024 peer-reviewed article attributed any difference in heart disease rates to moderate wine consumption.^[2] Another paper found the original studies to have numerous methodological flaws; comparing heart attack deaths to those in Framingham, Massachusetts from the same era, the only place where comparable data existed, it found no evidence that deaths by heart attack in Roseto were lower. It also found that the original study they never presented any solid evidence for their thesis that social support caused low heart rates, and that any difference between Roseto and surrounding towns was more likely explained by diet, genetics, migration, and random chance, summarizing the incident as an example of how compelling narratives and bias can persist even in the absence of sound science.^[1]

See also

• Blue zone
• Social determinants of health
• Community health