SAKO (programming language)

SAKO (PL: System Automatycznego KOdowania^[3] - EN: An Automatic Coding System^[4]) is a Polish language-based programming language written between 1959 and 1960 by a team from the ZAM division of the Polish Academy of Sciences.^[1] Originally developed for the XYZ and ZAM-2 computers, it was also ported over to the ZAM-21, ZAM-41 and the Mińsk-22.^[5]

SAKO

Paradigm	Multi-paradigm: structured, imperative (procedural), array
Designed by	Leon Łukaszewicz, Antoni Mazurkiewicz, Jan Borowiec, Jowita Koncewicz, Maria Łącka, Stefan Sawicki, Jerzy Swianiewicz, Piotr Szorc, Alfred Szurman and Andrzej Wiśniewski[1]
Developer	Polish Academy of Sciences
First appeared	1960; 65 years ago (1960)
Influenced by
Fortran[2]

General features of the SAKO language:

• commands similar to sentences used in natural language
• shortening the time required to learn the principles of programming
• ease of use, which reduced coding time
• transparent program code, lowering the probability of making a mistake

It had a static address allocation. It was possible to insert code in SAS macro assembler. The compilation proceeded in two stages:

1. From SAKO to simplified SAS macro assembler (SAS-W).
2. From SAS-W to machine language.

The most characteristic feature of SAKO are Polish commands, e.g. CZYTAJ, SKOCZ DO. It was designed primarily for programming numerical calculations.

"Hello, world" example

See also: Hello, world

TEKST:  
HELLO, WORLD
LINIA
STOP NASTEPNY
KONIEC

References

• Prace Zakładu Aparatów Matematycznych PAN, "System Automatycznego Kodowania SAKO. Cz. 1, Opis języka", PAN – Warszawa 1961
• Leon Łukaszewicz, Antoni Mazurkiewicz "System automatycznego kodowania SAKO" Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Polish Academy of Sciences Publishing House, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków 1966
• "COMPUTERS AND CENTERS, OVERSEAS: 6. Instytut Maszyn Matematycznych, ZAM 2, Warsaw, Poland". Digital Computer Newsletter. 16 (1): 22–23. 1964. Archived from the original on June 3, 2018.
• Antoni Mazurkiewicz "Arithmetic Formulae and the Use of Subroutines in SAKO" Annual Review in Automatic Programming, Vol. 2
• Leon Łukaszewicz "SAKO — An Automatic Coding System" Annual Review in Automatic Programming, Vol. 2
• Władysław Turski "Some Results of Research on Automatic Programming in Eastern Europe" Advances in Computers, Vol. 5
• "Algorytmy" Vol. 1 No. 1, Institute of Mathematical Machines, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
• CIA-RDP80T00246A011500230001-8