Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester

Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester (c. 1155 – 3 November 1219) was one of the leaders of the baronial rebellion against John, King of England, and a major figure in both the kingdoms of Scotland and England in the decades around the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.^{[citation needed]}

Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester
Born	about 1155 Winchester Hampshire, England
Died	3 November 1219 Damietta, Egypt
Spouse(s)	Margaret de Beaumont
Issue	Loretta de Quincy Hawise de Quincy Sir Robert de Quincy Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester Saer de Quincy Arabella de Quincy John de Quincy Robert II de Quincy
Father	Robert de Quincy
Mother	Orabilis

Arms of De Quincy: Gules, seven mascles or 3,3,1, adopted at the start of the age of heraldry, circa 1200–1215.

Scottish upbringing

Although he was an Anglo-Norman, Saer de Quincy's father, Robert de Quincy, had married and held important lordships in the Scottish kingdom of his cousin King William the Lion. His mother, Orabilis, was the heiress of the lordship of Leuchars and through her husband Robert became lord over lands in Fife, Perth and Lothian.^[1]

Saer's own rise to prominence in England came partly through his marriage to Margaret, the younger sister of Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester.^[2] Earl Robert died in 1204, and left Margaret as co-heiress to the vast earldom along with her elder sister. The estate was split in half, and after the final division was ratified in 1207, de Quincy was made Earl of Winchester.^[3]

Earl of Winchester

Seal of Robert Fitzwalter (d.1235). So close was the alliance between both men that the seal shows the arms of Saer de Quincy (seven mascles 3,3,1) on a separate shield before FitzWalter horse, with FitzWalter's own arms on his own shield and on his horse's caparison.

Following his marriage, Winchester became a prominent military and diplomatic figure in England. There is no evidence of any close alliance with King John, however, and his rise to importance was probably due to his newly acquired magnate status and the family connections that underpinned it.^{[citation needed]}

Saer seems to have developed a close personal relationship with his 2nd cousin, Robert Fitzwalter (died 1235) the son of Walter Fitzrobert and Maud de Lucy. In 1203, they served as co-commanders of the garrison at the major fortress of Vaudreuil in Normandy. They surrendered the castle without a fight to Philip II of France, fatally weakening the English position in northern France.^[4] Although popular opinion seems to have blamed them for the capitulation, a royal writ is extant stating that the castle was surrendered at King John's command, and both Winchester and Fitzwalter endured personal humiliation and heavy ransoms at the hands of the French.^{[citation needed]}

In Scotland, he was perhaps more successful. In 1211 to 1212, the Earl of Winchester commanded an imposing retinue of a hundred knights and a hundred serjeants in William the Lion's campaign against the Mac William rebels, a force which some historians have suggested may have been the mercenary force from Brabant lent to the campaign by John.^{[citation needed]}

Magna Carta

Arms displayed by Earl Saer on his seal on Magna Carta. These differ from his arms used elsewhere but can also be seen in stained glass at Winchester Great Hall.

In 1215, when the baronial rebellion broke out, Robert Fitzwalter became the military commander, and the Earl of Winchester joined him, acting as one of the chief authors of Magna Carta and negotiators with John; both cousins were among the 25 guarantors of Magna Carta. His name is mentioned in Clause 61, (1215)^[5] de Quincy fought against John in the troubles that followed the sealing of the Charter, and, again with Fitzwalter, travelled to France to invite Prince Louis of France to take the English throne.^[6] He and Fitzwalter were subsequently among the most committed and prominent supporters of Louis's candidature for the kingship, against both John and the infant Henry III.^[7]

The Fifth Crusade

When military defeat cleared the way for Henry III to take the throne, de Quincy went on crusade, perhaps in fulfilment of an earlier vow. In 1219 he left to join the Fifth Crusade, then besieging Damietta.^[8]

Death

While in Damietta in 1219, he fell sick and died. He was buried in Acre, the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, rather than in Egypt, and his heart was brought back and interred at Garendon Abbey near Loughborough, a house endowed by his wife's family. Garendon Abbey does not exist anymore and was dissolved in the mid 1500’s the last abbot was Randolph Arnold, last abbot it was disestablished 1536.

Family

The family of de Quincy had arrived in Scotland and England after the Norman Conquest,^[9] and took their name from Cuinchy in the Arrondissement of Béthune; the personal name "Saer" was used by them over several generations. Both names are variously spelt in primary sources and older modern works, the first name being sometimes rendered Saher or Seer, and the surname as Quency or Quenci.

The first recorded Saer de Quincy (known to historians as "Saer I") was lord of the manor of Long Buckby in Northamptonshire in the earlier twelfth century, and second husband of Maud de Senlis, daughter of Simon I de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon-Northampton and Maud of Huntingdon, stepdaughter of King David I of Scotland. This marriage produced two sons, Saer II and Robert de Quincy. It was Robert, the younger son, who was the father of the Saer de Quincy who eventually became Earl of Winchester. By her first husband Robert Fitz Richard, Maud was also the paternal grandmother of Earl Saer's close ally, Robert Fitzwalter.

Robert de Quincy seems to have inherited no English lands from his father, and pursued a knightly career in Scotland, where he is recorded from around 1160 as a close companion of his cousin, King William the Lion. By 1170 he had married Orabilis, heiress of the Scottish lordship of Leuchars and, through her, he became lord of an extensive complex of estates north of the border which included lands in Fife, Strathearn and Lothian.^{[citation needed]}

Saer de Quincy, the son of Robert de Quincy and Orabilis of Leuchars, was raised largely in Scotland ^{[citation needed]}. His absence from English records for the first decades of his life has led some modern historians and genealogists to confuse him with his great uncle, Saer II, who took part in the rebellion of Henry the Young King in 1173, when the future Earl of Winchester can have been no more than a toddler. Saer II's line ended without direct heirs, and his nephew and namesake would eventually inherit his estate, uniting his primary Scottish holdings with the family's Northamptonshire patrimony, and possibly some lands in France.^{[citation needed]}

Marriage and issue

Saer de Quincy married Margaret de Beaumont, youngest daughter of Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester, and Petronilla de Grandmesnil.^[2]

They had:

• Loretta de Quincy,^[10] who married Sir William de Valognes, Chamberlain of Scotland.
• Arabella de Quincy, who married Sir Richard Harcourt.
• Robert de Quincy (died 1217),^[11] c. 1206 he married Hawise of Chester, 1st Countess of Lincoln, daughter of Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester and Bertrade de Montfort of Évreux^[12]
• Roger de Quincy, who succeeded his father as earl of Winchester,^[13] married Helen of Galloway, daughter of Alan of Galloway, constable of Scotland^[14]
• Robert de Quincy [de] (second son of that name; died 1257), who married Elen, daughter of the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great.
• Hawise de Quincy, who married Hugh de Vere, 4th Earl of Oxford.
• John de Quincy (died young.)
• Saher de Quincy (died young.)

Peerage of England
New creation	Earl of Winchester 1207–1219	Succeeded by Roger de Quincy