Salinomycin

Salinomycin is an antibacterial and coccidiostat ionophore therapeutic drug.

Salinomycin

Names
IUPAC name (2R)-2-[(5S,6R)-6-[(1S,2S,3S,5R)-5-[(2S,5R,7S,9S,10S,12R,15R)-2-[(2R,5R,6S)-5-ethyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-tetrahydropyranyl]-15-hydroxy-2,10,12-trimethyl-1,6,8-trioxadispiro[4.1.57.35]pentadec-13-en-9-yl]-2-hydroxy-1,3-dimethyl-4-oxoheptyl]-5-methyl-2-tetrahydropyranyl]butanoic acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	53003-10-4 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1208572 N
ChemSpider	2342058 N
ECHA InfoCard	100.052.974
E number	E716 (antibiotics)
PubChem CID	72370
UNII	62UXS86T64 N
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID4048486
InChI InChI=1S/C42H70O11/c1-11-29(38(46)47)31-15-14-23(4)36(50-31)27(8)34(44)26(7)35(45)30(12-2)37-24(5)22-25(6)41(51-37)19-16-32(43)42(53-41)21-20-39(10,52-42)33-17-18-40(48,13-3)28(9)49-33/h16,19,23-34,36-37,43-44,48H,11-15,17-18,20-22H2,1-10H3,(H,46,47)/t23-,24-,25+,26-,27-,28-,29+,30-,31+,32+,33+,34+,36+,37-,39-,40+,41-,42-/m0/s1 N Key: KQXDHUJYNAXLNZ-XQSDOZFQSA-N N InChI=1/C42H70O11/c1-11-29(38(46)47)31-15-14-23(4)36(50-31)27(8)34(44)26(7)35(45)30(12-2)37-24(5)22-25(6)41(51-37)19-16-32(43)42(53-41)21-20-39(10,52-42)33-17-18-40(48,13-3)28(9)49-33/h16,19,23-34,36-37,43-44,48H,11-15,17-18,20-22H2,1-10H3,(H,46,47)/t23-,24-,25+,26-,27-,28-,29+,30-,31+,32+,33+,34+,36+,37-,39-,40+,41-,42-/m0/s1 Key: KQXDHUJYNAXLNZ-XQSDOZFQBR
SMILES O=C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@]3([H])O[C@]([C@@H](CC)C(O)=O)([H])CC[C@@H]3C)C)O)C)[C@H](CC)[C@@]([C@@H](C)C[C@H]2C)([H])O[C@]12O[C@@]4(CC[C@]([C@]5([H])O[C@@H](C)[C@](CC)(O)CC5)(C)O4)[C@H](O)C=C1
Properties
Chemical formula	C42H70O11
Molar mass	751.011 g·mol−1
Pharmacology
ATCvet code	QP51BB01 (WHO)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Antibacterial activity

Salinomycin and its derivatives exhibit high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including the most problematic bacteria strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Salinomycin is inactive against fungi such as Candida and Gram-negative bacteria. ^[1]

Cancer research

Pre-clinical

Salinomycin has been shown by Piyush Gupta et al. of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Broad Institute to kill breast cancer stem cells in mice at least 100 times more effectively than the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel. The study screened 16,000 different chemical compounds and found that only a small subset, including salinomycin and etoposide, targeted cancer stem cells responsible for metastasis and relapse.^[2][3][4][5]

The mechanism of action by which salinomycin kills cancer stem cells involves lysosomal iron sequestration, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species, lysosome membrane permeabilization and ferroptosis.^[6] Studies performed in 2011 showed that salinomycin could induce apoptosis of human cancer cells at higher concentrations. C20 amino derivatives such as ironomycin have shown to be more potent in vitro models of persister cancer cells and in vivo doi:10.1038/nchem.2778. Promising results from a few clinical pilot studies reveal that salinomycin is able to effectively eliminate cancer stem cells and to induce partial clinical regression of heavily pretreated and therapy-resistant cancers. The ability of salinomycin to kill both cancer stem cells and therapy-resistant cancer cells (persister) may define the compound as a novel and an effective anticancer drug.^[7][8] It has been also shown that salinomycin and its derivatives exhibit potent antiproliferative activity against the drug-resistant cancer cell lines.^[9][10] Salinomycin is the key compound in the pharmaceutical company Verastem's efforts to produce an anti-cancer-stem-cell drug.^{[citation needed]}

Use in agriculture

Salinomycin is used in chicken feed as a coccidiostat.^{[citation needed]}

Biosynthesis

A team from the University of Cambridge has cloned and sequenced the biosynthetic cluster responsible for salinomycin production, from Streptomyces albus DSM 41398.^[11] This has shown that the polyketide backbone of salinomycin is synthesised on an assembly line of nine polyketide synthase) multienzymes. Furthermore, the cluster contains genes involved in oxidative cyclization including salC (epoxidase) and salBI/BII/BIII (epoxide hydrolase) genes. The cluster also contains genes suspected to be involved in self-resistance, export, precursor supply and regulation. The cluster contains a NRPS^{[clarification needed]}-like carrier protein, SalX, that is suspected to tether “pre-salinomycin” during oxidative cyclization. By inactivating salC the researchers have demonstrated that salinomycin biosynthesis proceeds via a diene intermediate.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Narasin a derivative of salinomycin which has an additional methyl group.
• Targeted therapy