Sallaans dialect

Sallaans (Dutch: Sallands; Low Saxon: Sallaands) is a collective term for the Westphalian^{[citation needed]} dialects of the region Salland, in the province of Overijssel, as well as in minor parts of Gelderland and Drenthe in the Eastern Netherlands, and a small part in the North and the East of Veluwe.^[2] In the Kop van Overijssel, the Stellingwarfs dialect is spoken.

Sallaans
Native to	Netherlands
Native speakers	350,000 (2009)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Low Saxon West Low German Westphalian[citation needed] Gelders-Overijssels[citation needed] Sallaans
Language codes
ISO 639-3	sdz
Glottolog	sall1238

A common term used by native speakers for their dialect, which is also used by Low Saxon speakers from other regions for their respective dialects, is plat or simply dialect. Yet another common usage is to refer to the language by the name of the local variety, where for instance Dal(f)sens would be the name for the Sallaans variety spoken in the village of Dalfsen. Sallands is more influenced by the Hollandic dialects than Twents or Achterhoeks. This influence is known as the Hollandse expansie. For example, the word 'house' (Standard Dutch huis [ɦœys]) is hoes [ɦuːs] in Twents but huus [ɦyːs] in Sallaans. The Hollandic dialects of the 17th century still had not diphthongized [yː] to [œy], and due to their prestigious status they triggered the shift from [uː] to [yː].^[3][4][5]

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants in the dialect of Raalte^[6]

		Labial	Alveolar	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ŋ
Stop	voiceless	p	t	k
	voiced	b	d	(ɡ)
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	χ	h
	voiced	v	z	ɣ
Trill			r
Approximant		ʋ	l	j

• [ɡ] appears only as an allophone of /k/ before voiced consonants.^[7]
• /ʋ/ occurring before and after back-rounded vowels is pronounced as a labio-velar approximant [w].
• After long close and close-mid vowels, /r/ surfaces as a diphthongization of the vowel, as in zoer [ˈzuːə̯]. This also happens in compounds: veurkämer [vøːə̯kæːmər].^{[stress needed]} It is also often dropped preconsonantally after /ə/.^[8]

Vowels

Raalte monophthongs^[9]

	Front				Central	Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long		short	long
Close	i	iː	y	yː		u	uː
Close-mid	ɪ	eː	ʏ	øː	ə	ʊ	oː
Open-mid	ɛ	ɛː	œ	œː		ɔ	ɔː
Open	æ	æː				ɑ	ɑː

• Unlike in Standard Dutch, the long close-mid monophthongs /eː, øː, oː/ are actual monophthongs and not narrow closing diphthongs [ei, øy, ou]. They do not appear before /r/ whenever that consonant occurs before a vowel or at the end of a word, where the open-mid series /ɛː, œː, ɔː/ occurs instead.^[10]
• The schwa /ə/ is often dropped before /n/, resulting in a syllabic nasal homorganic with the preceding consonant. This occurs after most consonants, including nasals themselves: piepen [ˈpipm̩], slóffen [ˈslʊfɱ̍], gieten [ˈχiːtn̩], kieken [ˈkikŋ̍], esprungen [əˈsprœŋŋ̍], lachen [ˈlɑχɴ̩]. The sequences /əl/ and /ər/ are treated the same, except for the fact that they do not assimilate to the place of articulation of the preceding consonant.^[11]

Raalte diphthongs^[12]

	Front		Back
Close	ij, iu	yi, yu	uw
Open	ɛi ɪu	œy	ɔi ʊi	ɑu

• /œy/ is realized as [œi] before vowels and in the word-final position.^[13]

Some examples

Present tense

Sallaans	Dutch	English
Ik loop(e)	Ik loop	I walk
Ie loopt / lopen	Jij loopt	You walk
Hee/hi'j / Zie/zi'j lup(t)	Hij / Zij loopt	He / she walks
Wie loopt / lopen	Wij lopen	We walk
Jullie / Juulu / ieluu loopt / lopen	Jullie lopen	You walk (plural)
Zie loopt / lopen	Zij lopen	They walk

Past tense

Sallaans	Dutch	English
Ik liepe	Ik liep	I walked
Ie liep'n	Jij liep	You walked
Hee / Zee liep	Hij / Zij liep	He / She walked
Wuu-lu liep'n	Wij liepen	We walked
Jullie / Juu-lu liep'n	Jullie liepen	You walked (plural)
Zie liep'n	Zij liepen	They walked

Plurals and diminutives

Sallaans	Dutch	English
een komme	een kom	One bowl
twee komm'n	twee kommen	Two bowls

Sallaans	Dutch	English
een kömmegie	een kommetje	one little bowl
twee kömmegies	twee kommetjes	two little bowls