| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[4] | perd | [pæːrt] | 'horse' | Allophone of /ɛ/, in some dialects, before /k χ l r/. See Afrikaans phonology |
| Äiwoo |
ikuwä |
[ikuwæ] |
'I go' |
Distinguished from both [a] and [ɑ~ɒ]. |
| Arabic | Standard[5] | كتاب (kitāb) | [kiˈtæːb] | 'book' | Allophone of /a/ in the environment of plain labial and coronal consonants as well as /j/ (depending on the speaker's accent). See Arabic phonology |
| Azerbaijani |
Azərbaycan | [ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn] |
'Azerbaijan' |
|
| Bambam[6] | bätä | [ˈbætæ] | 'stem' | |
| Bashkir[7] |
йәй (yäy) |
[jæj]ⓘ |
'summer' |
|
| Bengali[8] | ব্যাঙ | [bæŋ] | 'frog' | See Bengali phonology |
| Bulgarian |
Moesian dialects |
млечен (mlečen) |
[mlæt͡ʃɛn] |
'made from milk' |
Descendant of Proto-Slavic *ě in places where Standard Bulgarian would have /ɛ/. See Yat. |
| Rup dialects | Descendant of Proto-Slavic *ě in all positions. See Yat. |
| Teteven dialect | мъж (măž) | [mæʃ] | 'man' | In place of Standard Bulgarian [ɤ̞] (written as ъ). |
| Erkech dialect |
| Catalan | Majorcan (some speakers) | sac | [ˈs̺æc] | 'bag' | Majorcan /a/-fronting. See Catalan phonology |
| Valencian and some Catalan dialects (some speakers) | raig | [ˈr̺æt͡ɕ] | 'ray' | Palatal variant of /a/. It can be more open ([a]). See Catalan phonology |
| taula | [ˈt̪ɑwɫɛ̞̈] | 'table' | Final unstressed /a/ found in some speakers. Can be realized as (un)rounded and further back. See Catalan phonology |
| Balearic (except Ibizan) | tesi | [ˈt̪ɛ̞z̺ɪ] | 'thesis' | Main realization of /ɛ/. More open and centralized before liquids and in monosyllabics. See Catalan phonology |
| Valencian (general pronunciation) |
| Chechen | аьрзу (ärzu) | [ærzu] | 'eagle' | |
| Danish | Standard[2][14] | dansk | [ˈtænˀsk] | 'Danish' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩ – the way it is realized by certain older or upper-class speakers.[15] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch[16] | pen | [pæn] | 'pen' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before /n/ and coda /l/. In non-standard accents this allophone is generalized to other positions, where [ɛ] is used in Standard Dutch.[17] See Dutch phonology |
| English | Cultivated New Zealand[18] | cat | [kʰæt]ⓘ | 'cat' | Higher in other New Zealand varieties. See New Zealand English phonology |
| General American[19] | See English phonology |
| Conservative Received Pronunciation[20] | Fully open [a] in contemporary RP.[20] See English phonology |
| Estonian[21] | väle | [ˈvæ̠le̞ˑ] | 'agile' | Near-front.[21] See Estonian phonology |
| Finnish[22] | mäki | [ˈmæki] | 'hill' | See Finnish phonology |
| French | Parisian[23] | bain | [bæ̃] | 'bath' | Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ̃⟩. See French phonology |
| Quebec[24] | ver | [væːʁ] | 'worm' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before /ʁ/ or in open syllables, and of /a/ in closed syllables.[24] See Quebec French phonology |
| German | Standard Austrian[25] | erlauben | [æˈlɑɔ̯bn̩] | 'allow' | Variant of pretonic [ɛɐ̯].[25] See Standard German phonology |
| West Central German accents[26] | oder | [ˈoːdæ] | 'or' | Used instead of [ɐ].[26] See Standard German phonology |
| Northern accents[27] | alles | [ˈa̝ləs] | 'everything' | Lower and often also more back in other accents.[27] See Standard German phonology |
| Western Swiss accents[28] | spät | [ʃpæːt] | 'late' | Open-mid [ɛː] or close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the open-mid /ɛː/.[29] See Standard German phonology |
| Greek | Macedonia[30] | γάτα (gáta) | [ˈɣætæ] | 'cat' | See Modern Greek phonology |
| Thessaly[30] |
| Thrace[30] |
| Pontic[31] | καλάθια (kaláthia) | [kaˈlaθæ] | 'baskets' |
| Hungarian[32] | nem | [næm] | 'no' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Hungarian phonology |
| Kanoê[33] |
[example needed] |
[æː] |
'tobacco' |
|
| Kazakh |
әйел (äiel) |
[æ̝ˈje̘l̪ʲ] |
'woman' |
Varies between near-open and open-mid. |
| Kurdish |
Sorani (Central) |
گاڵته (galte) |
[gäːɫtʲæ] |
'joke' |
Equal to Palewani (Southern) front [a]. See Kurdish phonology |
| Lakon[34] | rävräv | [ræβræβ] | 'evening' | |
| Limburgish[35][36][37] | twelf | [ˈtβ̞æ̠ləf] | 'twelve' | Front[36][37] or near-front,[35] depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect, in which the vowel is near-front. |
| Lithuanian | jachtą | [ˈjæːxt̪aː] | 'yacht' (accusative) | See Lithuanian phonology |
| Low Saxon | Including Sallandic | gläzen | [xɫæːzn̩] | 'glasses' | |
| Luxembourgish[38] | Käpp | [kʰæpʰ] | 'heads' | See Luxembourgish phonology |
| Norwegian | Urban East[39][40] | lær | [læːɾ] | 'leather' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Persian[41][42] | هشت (hašt) | [hæʃt] | 'eight' | |
| Portuguese | Some dialects[43] | pedra | [ˈpæðɾɐ] | 'stone' | Stressed vowel. In other dialects closer /ɛ/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Some European speakers[44] | também | [tɐˈmæ̃] | 'also' | Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /ẽ̞/. |
| Romanian | Bukovinian dialect | piele | [ˈpæle] | 'skin' | Corresponds to [je] in standard Romanian. Also identified in some Central Transylvanian sub-dialects. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian[46][47] | пять (pjatʹ) | [pʲætʲ]ⓘ | 'five' | Allophone of /a/ between palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology |
| Serbo-Croatian | Zeta-Raška dialect | дан / dan | [d̪æn̪] | 'day' | Regional reflex of Proto-Slavic *ь and *ъ. Sometimes nasalised. |
| Sinhala[49] | ඇය (æya) | [æjə] | 'she' | |
| Slovak |
mäso |
[mæso] |
'meat, flesh' |
In conversation sometimes pronounced as [e] or [a]. See Slovak phonology |
| Swedish | Central Standard[50][51][52] | ära | [²æːɾä]ⓘ | 'hono(u)r' | Allophone of /ɛː, ɛ/ before /r/. See Swedish phonology |
| Stockholm[52] | läsa | [²læːsä] | 'to read' | Realization of /ɛː, ɛ/ for younger speakers. Higher [ɛː, ɛ̝ ~ ɛ] for other speakers |
| Turkish[53] | sen | [s̪æn̪] | 'you' | Allophone of /e/ before syllable-final /m, n, l, r/. In a limited number of words (but not before /r/), it is in free variation with [e̞].[53] See Turkish phonology |
