Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia

The opposition to European Union sanctions on Russia in Slovakia is a prominent political and diplomatic issue, primarily driven by the policies of the governing coalition led by prime minister Robert Fico of the Direction – Social Democracy party. This stance contrasts with the majority position of EU member states and has made Slovakia a frequent outlier, often aligning with Hungary on this foreign policy matter.

Locations of Slovakia and Ukraine

Fico has repeatedly labeled the sanctions as "self-destructive" for both the EU and Slovakia, arguing that they have failed to achieve their goal of reversing Russian policy while causing disproportionate harm to the Slovak people.^[1][2]

Background

Main articles: Fico's Fourth Cabinet and International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War

The EU has implemented numerous, unprecedented sanctions packages against Russia since its 2022 invasion of Ukraine, building on measures in place since 2014.^[3] These restrictive measures target Russia's economy, with key focus areas including the financial sector (e.g., SWIFT exclusion for certain banks and asset freezes), energy (import bans on seaborne crude oil and refined petroleum products), and technology (export bans on dual-use and advanced tech items). Additionally, sanctions include individual asset freezes and travel bans on those deemed responsible for or supporting the aggression. The goal is to severely impair Russia's ability to finance its war.^[4]

Fico meeting Russian president Vladimir Putin in Beijing, China, 2 September 2025

Slovakia's opposition to the sanctions primarily emerged following the 2023 parliamentary election, which brought Fico and his coalition—including Direction – Social Democracy, the center-left Voice – Social Democracy, and the far-right Slovak National Party, back to power. Fico, known for his long-standing pro-Russian views and frequent criticism of EU and NATO policies, has often openly challenged the efficacy and necessity of the sanctions.^[5] He has terminated military aid to Ukraine, called sanctions "demagogic and damaging," and frequently aligns with Hungary's Viktor Orbán in obstructing EU unity.^[6][7][8]

Opponents of sanctions argue that the measures have failed to achieve their intended goal of halting the war or significantly crippling the Russian economy, while simultaneously harming the EU and Slovak economy.^[9][10][11]

Political positioning

Direction – Social Democracy, led by prime minister Robert Fico is the main proponent of re-evaluating or blocking new sanctions.^[12] Their stated position often focuses on "evaluating the efficiency" of existing sanctions, arguing they harm the Slovak and broader European economies more than Russia's.^[13][14] Fico has repeatedly used Slovakia's veto power in the European Council to block or delay new sanctions packages.

Fico often frames his opposition as defending Slovak national economic interests and refusing to be a "punching bag" for EU decisions, playing into a sense of Euroscepticism or prioritizing national concerns over Brussels' agenda.^[15][16]

Fico has consistently called for a shift in EU policy from military aid and sanctions to peace negotiations and diplomacy to end the conflict, arguing that "peace" should be the "key word" of Slovak foreign policy.^[17] Fico has also criticized the EU's approach by saying, "If the EU spent as much energy on peace as it does on supporting the war in Ukraine, the war could have been over long ago," while rejecting the goal of seeking Russia's military defeat.^[18]

An ultranationalist coalition partner, the Slovak National Party, has publicly called for an end to anti-Russia sanctions and the restoration of trade relations with Moscow.^[19]

Economic concerns

Slovakia is highly dependent on the automotive industry, which has been affected by high energy prices and economic instability resulting, in part, from the sanctions regime and the shift away from Russian energy. Proponents of lifting sanctions argue that the EU must prioritize solutions for this sector.^[20][21]

Historically, Slovakia has been heavily reliant on Russian energy, particularly gas and oil. Though efforts have been made to diversify, this dependence is used as an argument against further energy-related sanctions, with a focus on mitigating domestic price increases.^[22][23][24]

Prior to Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Slovakia was nearly 100% dependent on Russian gas imports, making it one of the most highly reliant countries in the European Union. Furthermore, it was extremely dependent on Russian crude oil, with imports delivered via the Druzhba pipeline consistently accounting for well over 90% of the feedstock processed at the country's sole refinery, Slovnaft. Slovakia was also 100% dependent on Russia for the supply of nuclear fuel for its power plants, which generate over 60% of the nation's electricity.^[25][26][27]

As of 2025, most of gas imports to Slovakia is from Russia via TurkStream pipeline. TurkStream connects Russia and Turkey, with gas flowing through the Balkans and Hungary before reaching Slovakia.^[28] Despite reducing its dependence on Russian oil, Slovakia continues to rely heavily on these imports. By 2023, the percentage of Russian oil in Slovakia's total imports had fallen to approximately 75%.^[29]

Opposition to sanctions

Slovakia, as an EU member state, holds veto power over key foreign policy decisions, including the adoption of sanctions, which require unanimity among all 27 members. Fico has repeatedly leveraged this power to extract concessions or block further punitive measures against Russia, arguing they damage the Slovak economy.^[30]

In June 2025, the National Council of Slovakia passed a non-binding resolution instructing the government to oppose new anti-Russian sanctions in international forums, providing political justification for Fico's vetoes.^[31]

18th sanctions package

In July 2025, Fico initially blocked the 18th sanctions package against Russia for over six weeks, using the veto not to oppose the package's content directly, but to secure leverage on the separate, but related, issue of the EU's planned phase-out of Russian fossil fuels by 2028, which he publicly described as an "imbecilic proposal" due to the potential negative impact on Slovakia's energy security and economy.^[32] Slovakia, which has a long-term gas contract with Russia's Gazprom expiring in 2034, remains heavily reliant on Russian gas supplies.^[33] Fico had demanded a legal exemption from the 2028 phase-out or financial guarantees to offset potential losses from early termination of the Gazprom contract, which he warned could amount to billions of euros.^[34]

Ultimately, Fico lifted his veto on July 18, 2025, after receiving a "comfort letter" from European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen. This letter, while containing no concrete financial commitments, reportedly promised that if Slovakia faced an "unbearable" situation—such as severe price increases or supply shortages—a crisis procedure could be triggered to grant exemptions from EU policy. It also stipulated that EU legislation forcing an end to Russian gas imports would be considered a "force majeure" event, relieving Slovakia of liability in potential legal disputes with Gazprom.^[35][36]

19th sanctions package

The European Commission first unveiled its proposal for the 19th sanctions package on September 19, 2025.^[37] Fico made his opposition public and conditional as early as September 11, 2025, before the official proposal, when he met with European Council President António Costa, stating he would not support new sanctions unless the European Commission presented concrete proposals on energy prices and the automotive industry.^[38]

In October 2025, Fico invoked his veto power again to block a new round of sanctions. He explicitly conditioned his approval on the EU addressing the crisis in the Slovak automotive industry and high energy prices, accusing Brussels of prioritizing aid to Ukraine over Europe's economic competitiveness.^[39][40]

In a speech delivered in the National Council of Slovakia, Fico dismissed the objective to "bring Russia to its knees," and stated that the world knows "Russians only get on their knees to tie their shoelaces".^[41]

The standoff over the 19th sanctions package lasted for weeks, with Slovakia being the final member state holding up the unanimous approval required for the measure. Fico, maintaining his focus on domestic issues, publicly stated that the European Union is "in the shit" but still planning to support the anti-Russian sanctions package itself.^[42] Ahead of the European Council summit, Fico ultimately lifted his veto in late October, after EU leaders agreed to include specific language regarding high energy prices and the European automotive sector in the summit's conclusions, clearing the way for the package's formal adoption.^[43]

Frozen Russian assets

In November 2025, Fico has stated that Slovakia will not support the European Union's plan to use frozen Russian assets to finance military costs in Ukraine.^[44] Fico called the EU initiative controversial, warning that seizing the assets for military aid would only prolong the war, and argued that the focus should be on a peace plan.^[45] He emphasized that Slovakia would not participate in any legal or financial schemes directed at using the frozen funds for Ukrainian military spending and stated, "This piece of Russian cheese smells extremely tempting to the European raven".^[46]

REPowerEU

On October 20, 2025, the Council of the European Union agreed on its negotiating position for a regulation under the REPowerEU roadmap to phase out Russian gas (pipeline and LNG). The plan sets a legally binding prohibition on new Russian gas contracts from January 1, 2026, with existing long-term contracts allowed to run until January 1, 2028.^[47] This phase-out plan is particularly relevant for Slovakia, which currently receives a portion of its Russian gas supply via the TurkStream pipeline.^[48] Fico called this plan an "imbecilic".^[49]

Slovakia, along with Hungary, voted against the regulation, expressing concerns about the impact on their energy security. However, this dissent was ineffective in blocking the measure, as the regulation was approved by a qualified majority vote, which does not require unanimity.^[50]

In early December 2025, Slovakia and Hungary announced they will file a joint lawsuit with the European Court of Justice to challenge the mandatory gas phase-out, labeling the EU decision a blatant attack on their national sovereignty and a potentially ruinous threat to their economies.^[51]

Response

European Union

Key EU figures and leaders of major member states have publicly condemned Fico's stance.

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz publicly rebuked Fico, urging him to "give up the resistance" for the sake of EU unity and warning that Slovakia and Hungary could face increasing pressure if they continue to obstruct common positions on Russia. Merz signaled a confrontational line towards the pro-Kremlin outliers, which Fico's government dismissed as "unacceptable" attempts to "punish" or "lecture" Slovakia.^[52][53][54]

Czech prime minister Petr Fiala sent a direct letter to Fico, urging him not to block the sanctions package, citing the close ties between the two nations and a shared responsibility to confront Russian aggression.^[55] Fico's party publicly rejected the Czech appeal, stating that "Slovakia will not automatically vote as needed by Brussels simply because the Czech prime minister wants us to".^[56]

EU officials and diplomats have consistently expressed deep unhappiness over the brinkmanship, with one European Green Party co-chair describing Fico's veto in July 2025 as "outright sabotage" and accusing him of acting as "Russia's Trojan horse within the European Council".^[57]

United States

The United States has been a strong proponent of tougher European sanctions, particularly on Russia's energy revenues. While the United States does not directly intervene in the EU's voting mechanisms, Washington's persistent calls for the bloc to be "tougher on Russia and its enablers" have indirectly increased the pressure on sanctions-sceptical members like Slovakia and Hungary.^[58]

United States policy figures have hinted at using the threat of secondary tariffs on countries that continue to import Russian oil, a move that would particularly affect Slovakia and Hungary, the only two EU countries continuing oil imports via the Druzhba pipeline.^[59]

See also

• 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute
• Hungary and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
• International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine
• International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian war
• European Union sanctions