Sognamål dialect

Sognamål (literally "Sogn language", in Sognamål; sognamaol) is a Western Norwegian dialect which is spoken in the area of Sogn. One of the most prominent features of Sognamål is the pronunciation [aʊ] instead of [ɔː] in many words, i.e. exactly how the letter "á" is pronounced in modern Icelandic. The folk/black metal band Windir from Sogndal used the dialect in their lyrics.

Sognamål dialect
sognamaol
Region	Sogn
Language family	Indo-European Germanic Northwest Germanic[1] North Germanic West Scandinavian (disputed) Sognamål dialect
Early forms	Old Norse Old West Norse Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian
Writing system	Latin (Norwegian alphabet) Norwegian Braille
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
IETF	no-u-sd-no14
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Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes^[2]

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Plosive / Affricate	voiceless	p	t	c͡ç	k
	voiced	b	d	ɟ͡ʝ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s			h
	voiced	v
Trill			r

• /m, p, b/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v/ are labiodental.
• /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/ are plosives, whereas /c͡ç, ɟ͡ʝ/ are affricates.^[2]
• Phonetically, /r/ can be trilled [r] or tapped [ɾ].^[2]

Vowels

Monophthongs of Sognamål, from Haugen (2004:30)

Monophthong phonemes of Sognamål^[3]

	Front				Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i	iː			ʊ	ʊː
Mid	ɛ	eː	ø	øː	ɔ	ɔː
Open					a	aː

• /eː/ is close-mid front [eː]. Its short counterpart is the open-mid front [ɛ].^[3]
• /ʊ, ʊː/ are close-mid [o, oː].^[3]
• The long /øː/ is open-mid front [œː], whereas the short /ø/ varies between open-mid front [œ] and near-close front [ʉ̞˖].^[3]
• /ɔ, ɔː/ are open-mid [ɔ, ɔː].^[3]
• /a, aː/ are central [ä, äː].^[3]

Part 1 of Sognamål diphthongs, from Haugen (2004:31)

Part 2 of Sognamål diphthongs, from Haugen (2004:31)

Diphthong phonemes of Sognamål^[4]

Starting point	Ending point
	Front				Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close			iʉ	iʉː
Close-mid	ei	eiː	eʉ	eʉː
Open-mid	ɔi	ɔiː	øy	øyː	oʊ	oʊː
Open	ai	aiː			aʊ	aʊː

• /iʉ, iʉː/ are phonetically [iʉ̟, iʉ̟ː].^[5]
• /ei, eiː/ are phonetically [ei, eiː].^[5]
• /eʉ, eʉː/ are phonetically [eʉ̟, eʉ̟ː].^[5]
• /øy, øyː/ are phonetically [œy, œyː].^[5]
• /ɔi, ɔiː/ are phonetically [ɔ̟i, ɔ̟iː].^[5]
• /oʊ, oʊː/ are phonetically [ɔo, ɔoː].^[5]
• /ai, aiː/ are phonetically [äi, äiː].^[5]
• /aʊ, aʊː/ are phonetically [äo̟, äo̟ː].^[5]