Solan

This article is about the town in India. For other uses, see Solan (disambiguation).

Solan is a city in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and the district headquarters of Solan district.^[1] It is located 45.5 kilometres (28 mi) south of the state capital, Shimla. Solan has an average elevation of 1,550 metres (5,090 ft).^[2] The city is situated between Chandigarh (joint capital of Punjab and Haryana) and Shimla (state capital) on the Kalka-Shimla National Highway-5. The narrow-gauge Kalka-Shimla railway passes through Solan. Located on the Punjab-Himachal Border, Solan is nestled in the Shivalik hills of the Himalayas.

Solan Mushroom City
City
From top, left to right: Thodo dance of Solan; Shoolini Utsav; Shoolini Devi Temple Solan; Yung Drung Monastery, Dholanji, Solan; panoramic view of Solan city
Nickname:  Mushroom City of India
Solan Location in Himachal Pradesh Show map of Himachal Pradesh Solan Solan (India) Show map of India
Coordinates: 30.905°N 77.097°E / 30.905; 77.097
Country	India
State	Himachal Pradesh
District	Solan
Government
• Body	Municipal Corporation Solan
• MLA	Dhani Ram Shandil
Area
• Total	33.43 km2 (12.91 sq mi)
Elevation	1,550 m (5,090 ft)
Population  (2020)
• Total	47,418
• Rank	3 in HP
Time zone	UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN	173212
Telephone code	01792
Vehicle registration	HP-11, HP-12, HP-13, HP-14, HP-15, HP-59, HP-64, HP-93, HP 01S, HP 02S
Avg. annual temperature	15 °C (59 °F)
Avg. summer temperature	30 °C (86 °F)
Avg. winter temperature	0 °C (32 °F)
Climate	Cwa
Website	hpsolan.gov.in

Solan was originally the capital of the princely state, Baghat.^[3] A defining feature of Solan, is its ancient temples^[4] and monasteries.^[5] The Shoolini Mata Temple and Jatoli Shiv Temple are popular attractions for tourists. One of the most famous monasteries in this region is the Yundung Monastery. The hill-town is named after the Hindu goddess Shoolini Devi ~ who is a manifestation of Goddess Durga in Her warrior aspect. Shoolini, when translated literally, means 'the goddess wielding the spear'. Every year in June, a fair venerating the Goddess is held, featuring a 3-day melā at the central Thodo ground.

Solan is known for the production of quality mushrooms,^[6] as a result of the vast mushroom farming in the area, as well as the Directorate of Mushroom Research (DMR) situated at Chambaghat. Due to this fact, Solan is also known as the "Mushroom City of India". Solan is also called the "City of Red Gold", due to the bulk production of tomatoes in the area.^[2]

The city has one of the oldest breweries in the country, and also has a 300-year-old fort located at the top of a hill.

Historical evolution

The history of Solan goes back to the era of Pandavas. According to local folklore, Pandavas lived here during their exile.^[7] In 1815, British won the Baghat state (now Solan) from the Gurkhas. Gurkha fort, or Arki Fort, is still standing tall on a mountain near to the city of Solan, and it is one of the historic tourist attractions of Solan.^[8] The town has been a capital of the princely Baghat State. The word Baghat is derived from Bau, or Bahu, meaning "many", and Ghat, meaning "pass". Initially, the state headquarters of the Baghat State was located at Bhoch in the Bhuchali pargana. The headquarters of the state was shifted to Solan, after the construction of cantonment in the city; the railway was set up in 1902.^[9] The evolution of Solan city can be understood in the following order or sequence:

• Establishment of a cantonment area at Solan by Brits.
• Establishing a brewery in Solan in 1855, due to availability of excellent quality mineral water.
• Shifting of the headquarters of Baghat State from Bhoch to Solan.
• Start of Kalka-Shimla rail line in 1902.
• Start of transportation activity on Kalka-Solan-Shimla road.
• The urban local body, i.e. Municipal Council Solan, came into existence in 1950.
• Solan became an independent district on 1 September 1972, and the town of Solan became the district headquarters.^[9]

Heritage

Solan's history is intertwined with that of the erstwhile princely state of Baghat. The Solan cantonment is still the best, and the most well planned part of the area, hence buildings are made in a planned manner. The church in Solan cantonment is a heritage building, with wooden and stone carvings. It has sloping roofs and arches, reminiscent of British architecture.^{[citation needed]}

The list of heritage buildings in Solan town is as follows:-

• Shoolini Devi temple.

Christ Church, Kasauli

• The Church in Solan cantonment.
• The Solan railway station.^[10]
• The Barog railway station.
• Hari Mandir, a famous Lord Krishna temple.
• The railway station and the railway rest house at Salogra.
• The DC residence on Shilly road.
• Anees villa, ancestral home of Salman Rushdie Shilly road near DC residence.^[11][12]
• S.E., PWD office which used to be a durbar hall of Baghat State.
• Old guest house in the palace of Baghat state.
• Khalifa lodge (now the JBT college running in it).
• Kishan Niwas and Hill View on circular road.^[12]
• Jatoli Temple (5 km. far from Solan on Rajgarh Road).

Jatoli Temple, Solan

• Mohan Shakti National Heritage Park (in Hart, 12 km from Solan)
• Mohan Meakin Limited – Mohan Meakin is a large group of companies, which started with Asia's first brewery incorporated in 1855
• Dolanji Bon Monastery, Solan.
• Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry
• The Palace near Palace Road.
• Pandavas cave at Mount Karol, Chambaghat, Solan

Solan railway station

Bon Monastery Dholanji, Solan

Panoramic View of Solan City

View of Solan at night

Geography

Solan is located at 30.92°N 77.12°E / 30.92; 77.12.^[13][14] It has an average elevation of 1502 metres (5249.34 feet). The highest point is atop Mount Karol, at 2280 metres. Pandava's cave, where Pandavas believed to have meditated during their 12-year exile, is located at the mountain top. Solan gets occasional snowfall during winters.^[15]

Climate

Situated at an altitude of 1600 metres on average, Solan can be considered an average temperature hill station. Solan is neither as cold as Shimla, nor as hot as Kalka, as the temperatures hardly rise more than 35 °C (95 °F). That is why it is considered as an ideal station, from a residential point of view. During winters, Solan experiences light snowfall. Temperatures typically range from −4 °C (25 °F) to 34 °C (93 °F) over the course of a year, with record high temperature of 39 °C (102.2 °F).

Snowfall 2013, Solan

Hills of Solan city in fog during winters

Solan during monsoon

^{[16] [17]}

Climate data for Solan (1991–2020, extremes 1999–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	29.0 (84.2)	29.2 (84.6)	32.5 (90.5)	36.0 (96.8)	38.0 (100.4)	39.0 (102.2)	35.1 (95.2)	33.0 (91.4)	33.5 (92.3)	32.7 (90.9)	30.2 (86.4)	27.0 (80.6)	39.0 (102.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	18.4 (65.1)	19.8 (67.6)	24.0 (75.2)	28.8 (83.8)	31.5 (88.7)	31.0 (87.8)	28.8 (83.8)	28.2 (82.8)	28.1 (82.6)	27.0 (80.6)	23.8 (74.8)	21.0 (69.8)	25.8 (78.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	2.3 (36.1)	4.5 (40.1)	8.4 (47.1)	12.5 (54.5)	16.0 (60.8)	18.6 (65.5)	20.2 (68.4)	19.8 (67.6)	16.8 (62.2)	10.5 (50.9)	5.8 (42.4)	2.8 (37.0)	11.6 (52.9)
Record low °C (°F)	−3.6 (25.5)	−2.8 (27.0)	0.5 (32.9)	4.6 (40.3)	8.5 (47.3)	12.5 (54.5)	16.0 (60.8)	15.0 (59.0)	10.5 (50.9)	5.0 (41.0)	1.0 (33.8)	−2.5 (27.5)	−3.6 (25.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	49.5 (1.95)	67.1 (2.64)	55.9 (2.20)	35.7 (1.41)	51.1 (2.01)	123.0 (4.84)	221.6 (8.72)	206.1 (8.11)	148.2 (5.83)	14.3 (0.56)	4.5 (0.18)	26.4 (1.04)	1,003.5 (39.51)
Average rainy days	3.1	4.2	3.7	3.2	4.2	7.2	11.3	10.1	5.6	1.1	0.6	1.7	56.0
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST)	52	50	44	38	38	53	74	78	71	53	51	51	54
Source: India Meteorological Department[18][19][20]

Municipal Corporation and District administration

Municipal Corporation Solan is spread over an area of 33.43 km² with a residential population of 39,256.^[21] It is the third largest Municipal Corporation of Himachal Pradesh.

Demographics

According to the 2011 Indian census, Solan has a population of 39,256,^[21] making it the second largest city in Himachal, after Shimla. Solan had an average literacy rate of 85.02%.^[22]

Solan is a Municipal Council city. It is divided into 17 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Solan Municipal Council has population of 39,256, of which 21,182 are males, while 18,074 are females, as per report released by Census India 2011.

Population of children with age of 0–6 is 3,524, which is 8.98% of the total population of Solan (M Cl). In Solan Municipal Council, the female sex ratio is of 8:53, against state average of 9:72. Moreover, child age ratio in Solan is around 886, compared to Himachal Pradesh state average of 909. Literacy rate of Solan city is 93.02% higher than the state average of 82.80%. In Solan, male literacy is around 94.01%, while female literacy rate is 91.86%.

Solan Municipal Council has total administration over 9,803 houses, to which it supplies basic amenities, like water and sewerage.

Solan Work Profile Out of total population, 15,640 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 12,147 were males, while 3,493 were females. In census surveys, 'worker' is defined as a person who does business, jobs, services, cultivation, and labour activity for profit. Of total 15,640 working population, 93.31% were engaged in main work, while 6.69% of total workers were engaged in marginal work.^[23][24]

City area Solan Planning Area covers 3,343 hectares = 33.43 km² of land (2nd Largest city area in Himachal Pradesh).^[25]

HPPWD Solan rest house and parking

Solan city

Twinkling hills of solan city at night

Flora and fauna

The Solan planning area contains Chil, Ban, and Kail, mainly deodar cedar and pine trees in the city. Oak forests are also at higher elevations around moist locations. Places like Chail is the most predominant one for different species of vegetation. Besides the indigenous vegetation, there are ornamental and alien plantations too. It consists of silver oak, jhakranda, bottle brush, weeping willows, kachnar, grasses, etc.^[15]

Due to variations in altitude, there is a variety of fauna in the region. The Himalayan black bear & panther, Leopard are the carnivores typically found in the area, whereas the Ghoral and the barking deer are the herbivores, found in and around the Solan planning area. Other animals include the jackal, mongoose, the Jangli Billi, monkeys & langurs, etc. Game birds include jungli murga, kabutar, ghughi, dhaula teetar and kolsa etc.^[26]

Notable sites

Sharvilla Health resorts Solan

Hill Ranges of the Solan area looking south

• Badi ki dhar
• Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry
• Barog railway station
• Chail Sanctuary
• Water Park and Cafe at Sadhupul^[27]
• Mohan Park – Built by Mohan Meakins breweries near Chambaghat on the Mall road, it has a terrace garden, rides, etc.
• Subhash Chandra Bose Park – Hospital road Solan.^[28]

Sports

As of 2018 an indoor stadium was planned.^[29]

Education

Private universities

• Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies
• Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh
• Jaypee University of Information Technology
• Maharaja Agrasen University

Shoolini University and Jaypee University, were ranked '100-150' among Universities in India in the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2019^[30]

Media

• Divya Himachal – Mera Solan News Paper^[31]

Notable people

• Rajeev Bindal – Ex Speaker Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha
• Dhani Ram Shandil – Ex Member of Parliament
• Major Bikramjeet Kanwarpal is an Indian film and television actor
• Ruhani Sharma is an Indian film actor

Gallery

• 
  Twilight view of Solan in monsoon from Mohan Park
• 
  Solan bypass
• 
  Mall road, Solan
• 
  Solan Bypass
• 
  Thoda dance wall painting, The Mall, Solan
• 
  Shilly sanctuary area Solan
• 
  Platinum Mall, Solan
• 
  Bank lane, The Mall, Solan
• 
  Commercial mall, Solan.
• 
  SOLAN
• 
  Footpath on Mall road
• 
  Amravati Hills, Solan
• 
  Solan railway station in 1911
• 
  Solan Bypass traffic lights
• 
  Old DC office during Shoolini Utsav 2012
• 
  Historical Thodo ground Solan
• 
  North-east part of Solan city at night
• 
  Sakpal of Shoolini Devi
• 
  Shoolini Mahotsav, Solan
• 
  Shoolini Mahotsav, Solan
• 
  Solan city from Mount Karol
• 
  Kunihar valley, Solan
• 
  Himachal Belle, Mohan Park
• 
  Nauni Fort in Solan district
• 
  Palace of Nalagarh Princely State
• 
  Palace of erstwhile Arki/Baghal State
• 
  Entrance of palace of Kuthar Princely State