Southern Kayapó language

Kayapó do Sul is a Jê language formerly spoken by the Southern Kayapó people of Brazil in a vast region that comprised Triângulo Mineiro, Goiás, southeastern Mato Grosso, northeastern Mato Grosso do Sul, and northeastern São Paulo (Brazil), in particular on the rivers Rio Turvo, Corumbá, Meia Ponte, Tijuco, Rio das Velhas, Rio Pardo, Sucuriju, Aparé, Rio Verde, and Taquari.^[2]: 12 It can be considered to have developed into the Panará language.^[1]

Southern Kayapó
Kayapó do Sul
Native to	Brazil
Region	Triângulo Mineiro, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo
Ethnicity	Southern Kayapó
Era	attested 19th century developed into Panará[1]
Language family	Macro-Jê Jê Cerrado Jê of Goyaz Southern Kayapó
Dialects	Mossâmedes Triângulo (=Panará)[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kre (as Panará)
Glottolog	pana1307  (as Panará)

Dialects

Two dialects have been identified based on the scarce documentation of the language. The variety spoken in São José de Mossâmedes (as attested by Johann Baptist Emanuel Pohl^[3] and Augustin Saint-Hilaire in short wordlists) is characterized by the retention of the Proto-Goyaz Jê rhotic *r. In contrast, the variety spoken in Santana do Paranaíba (as attested by Kupfer,^[4] Carl Nehring,^[5] and Joaquim Lemos da Silva in short wordlists) and in the Triângulo Mineiro region (as documented by Barbosa in an extensive wordlist) innovated by palatalizing the rhotic (i.e. *r > j) in certain environments and is thought to be the ancestor of Panará.^[1]

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i, ĩ	ɨ, ɨ̃	u, ũ
Mid	e, ẽ	ə	o, õ
Open		a, ã

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	t		k
	prenasal	ᵐp	ⁿt		ᵑk
Affricate	voiceless		t͡s
	prenasal		ⁿt͡s
Fricative			(s)	ʃ
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Sonorant		w	ɾ	j		h

/ʃ/ exists only in the Mossâmedes dialect. /ɲ, ŋ, h/ exist only in the Santana dialect.

• /t͡s, ⁿt͡s/ can be heard as [s, ⁿs] in free variation.^[1]