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Cerrado languages

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The Cerrado languages (also referred to as Amazonian Jê[1]:549) are a branch of the Jê languages constituted by the Goyaz Jê languages and Akuwẽ (Central Jê).[2]:14–5

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Sound changes from Proto-Jê to Proto-Cerrado

The occurrence of the consonant */g/ in Proto-Cerrado (as in */g/õt ‘to sleep’, */g/õ ‘to give’, */g/aj’ ‘you’) is believed to be an innovation; it has been claimed to have been inserted in onsetless-stressed syllables.[2]:85

The Proto-Cerrado diphthongs *wa and *ja are believed to continue Proto-Jê monophthongs, which have been reconstructed as and *ê₂. Other vowels which have been claimed to have innovated in Proto-Cerrado are:[2]:88

  • (goes back to an unrounded vowel, reconstructed as Proto-Jê *ə̂₁);
  • *u (a merger of earlier *u₁ and *u₂, distinguished in the Southern Jê languages as o and u, respectively);
  • (a merger of earlier *ũ₁ and *ũ₂, distinguished as ũ and in Kaingang and as ũ and õ in Laklãnõ);
  • *ə̃ (a merger of earlier *ə̃ and *ỹ, distinguished as and ĩ in Kaingang and as õ and in Laklãnõ);
  • all vowels in the Proto-Jê unstressed syllables of the shape *pV- were neutralized in the Cerrado languages: Proto-Cerrado *pᵊ- (> Proto-Goyaz Jê *py-/*pu-, Proto-Akuwẽ *pi-).
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Sound changes from Proto-Cerrado to the daughter languages

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Onsets

The simple onset inventory of Proto-Cerrado is */p m w t n ɾ c ɲ j k ŋ g/, and the only complex onsets are */pɾ mɾ kɾ ŋɾ/.[3]:158–63

Their reflexes in the daughter branches are shown below.[2]

More information Proto-Cerrado, Proto-Goyaz Jê ...

Nuclei

The inventory of the Proto-Cerrado monophthongs is reconstructed as follows.

More information oral, nasal ...

In addition, two diphthongs can be reconstructed, */wa/ and */ja/.

The following table shows the usual reflexes of the Proto-Cerrado nuclei in Proto-Goyaz Jê and in Proto-Akuwẽ. The latter group shows a chain vowel shift known as the Akuwẽ/Central Jê vowel shift.[4]:61[3]:164

More information Proto-Cerrado, Proto-Goyaz Jê ...

Codas

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References

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