Space Safety Programme

The Space Safety Programme (S2P), formerly the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) programme,^[1][2] is an initiative by the European Space Agency (ESA) to monitor hazards from space, determine their risk, make this data available to the appropriate authorities, and where possible, mitigate the threat.^[3] The programme focuses on 3 areas: space weather forecasting and nowcasting, asteroid impact prediction and prevention, and space debris mitigation.^[4] S2P is being implemented as an optional ESA programme^[5][6] with financial participation by 14 Member States.^{[citation needed]}

Detecting space hazards: ESA's graphic for the Space Situational Awareness programme

History

Space weather effects

Heliophysics and Space Weather

Asteroid danger explained

ESA Optical Ground Station

Artist's impression of the Flyeye telescope

Artist's impression of Hera in orbit around Didymos

Concept for ESA's future space debris surveillance system

The history of space debris creation

The programme started in 2009 and its mandate was extended until 2019. The second phase of the programme received €46.5 million for the 2013–2016 period.^[7] The original SSA Programme was designed to support Europe's independent space access and utilization through the timely and accurate information delivery regarding the space environment, particularly hazards to both in-orbit and ground infrastructure.^[8] In 2019 it evolved into the present Space Safety Programme (S2P) with an expanded focus, also including missions and activities to mitigate and prevent dangers from space.^[9]

Structure

The programme is split into three "Cornerstones" and six "COSMIC" areas:^[10]

Space Weather Cornerstone

S2P's space weather projects are monitoring the activity of the Sun, the solar wind, and Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere, that can affect spaceborne and ground-based infrastructure or endanger human life or health. This data is processed and made available freely via the Space Weather Service Network.^[11]

Upcoming deep-space missions such as Vigil, designed to observe the Sun from the Sun-Earth Lagrange point L₅, will contribute to this monitoring system, allowing for timely warnings.^[12] Earth-orbiting missions like Aurora-C and SWORD will form the Distributed Space Weather Sensor System (D3S).^[4]

Planetary Defence Cornerstone

Planetary Defence at ESA focuses on detecting natural objects, such as asteroids and comets, which can potentially impact Earth, gathering observations from telescopes around the world and plotting their path through the sky to calculate the impact risk.^[13] Another area of the Cornerstone's activity is coordinating the response to a possible impactor with the international community through groups such as the International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN)^[14] and the Space Mission Planning Advisory Group (SMPAG).^[15] The European asteroid observation network is coordinated by the S2P's Near-Earth Object Coordination Centre (NEOCC).^[4]

ESA is building the Flyeye network of automated ground-based telescopes to scan the sky every night for Near Earth Object (NEO) detection. The first telescope, built on Sicily, had its first light in 2025.^{[16][17][18][19]} S2P is also developing the asteroid-detecting space telescope named NEOMIR that will be placed in the Sun–Earth Lagrange point L₁.^[4]

In October 2024, ESA launched the Hera mission, a follow-up to NASA's DART mission which performed the first kinetic impact test of Planetary Defence on 26 September 2022. Hera will rendezvous with the impacted Didymos binary asteroid system in 2026 to study the crater formed, the dust plume released, and more.^[20] S2P is working on two other asteroid exploration missions, the Hera-derived Ramses and the smaller CubeSat-type Satis.^[4]

ADRIOS Cornerstone

The Active Debris Removal & In-Orbit Servicing (ADRIOS) Cornerstone supports development of technologies for space debris removal and on-orbit servicing of satellites for sustainable use of space.^[10]

Space debris projects at ESA are tracking active and inactive satellites and space debris to better understand the debris environment, providing data, analysis, and advice to spacecraft engineers to perform collision avoidance manoeuvres, as well as developing a system of automated collision avoidance. The space debris office also works with the international community on norms and standards for the sustainable future of space.^{[21][22][23][24]}

Clean Space projects aim for systematically considering the entire life-cycle of space activities, from the early stages of conceptual design to the mission's end of life and beyond, to removal of space debris.^[25][26][27] ESA Clean Space includes EcoDesign (embedding environmental sustainability within space mission design), management of end-of-life, developing technologies to prevent the creation of future debris, in-orbit servicing/active debris removal, removing spacecraft from orbit, and demonstrating in-orbit servicing of spacecraft.^[28][29][30]

ESA is testing laser-based technologies for precise tracking, and possibly also remote deflection, of space debris at Izaña-1 and Izaña-2 laser-ranging stations at Teide Observatory on Tenerife.^[31][32]

The Draco mission will study the process of satellite breakup during uncontrolled atmospheric reentry.^[33] The first mission to remove a piece of space debris from orbit will be the ESA-commissioned ClearSpace-1.^[34]

COSMIC areas

The "COSMIC" areas aim to develop and support:^[10]

• Space weather services
• Space weather sensors
• Asteroid impact prediction
• Technologies for increased space traffic
• Clean and zero space debris future
• Competitiveness^[35]

Space missions

See also: List of European Space Agency programmes and missions

• Hera, launched October 2024 – European asteroid probe aimed at studying the effects of a NEO's impact created by NASA's DART mission using 65803 Didymos's moon (Dimorphos) as a target
• Draco, launching in 2027 – small space capsule monitoring the breakup and demise processes of a re-entering satellite^[36][37][33]
• Ramses, launch planned for April 2028 – mission to the near-Earth asteroid Apophis
• Satis, launch planned for April 2028 – cubesat mission to the near-Earth asteroid Apophis^[38]
• Aurora-D & Aurora-C, first launch planned for 2028 – a demonstrator satellite and a satellite constellation for Auroral oval monitoring^[39][40]
• e.Deorbit, cancelled – space debris removal demonstration mission, superseded by ClearSpace-1
• ClearSpace-1, launching in 2029 – space debris removal demonstration mission with the objective of deorbiting PROBA-1
• RISE, launching in 2029 – in-orbit servicing demonstration mission^[41][42]
• NEOMIR, launch planned for 2030 – asteroid-detecting space telescope in the Sun-Earth L1 point^[43]
• SWORD, launching in 2030 – two satellites in GTO-like orbit monitoring Earth's radiation belts^[44][45][46]
• Vigil, launching in 2031 – space weather mission to the Sun-Earth Lagrange point 5
• CAT (CApTure Payload Bay) – joint ESA-AEE mission to test a standardised docking interface for satellite removal^[47]
• SAILOR – space debris monitoring satellites using solar sail-like foils as impact detectors^[48][49][50]

Former SSA programme (2009–2019)

Structure of the SSA programme

Space weather segment The main objective of the space weather segment (SWE) was to detect and forecast of space weather events, avoid adverse effect on European space assets and ground-based infrastructure. To achieve that, the segment focused on delivery of real-time space weather information, forecasts and warnings, supported by a data archive, applications and services. Assets available for the segment consisted of multiple ground-based and spaceborne sensors monitoring the Sun, solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere. These included the PROBA2 satellite and the Kanzelhoehe Solar Observatory. The segment was jointly coordinated by the SWE Data Centre located at the ESTRACK Redu Station and the SSA Space Weather Coordination Centre (SSCC), both in Belgium.[51] Near-Earth object segment The near-Earth object segment aimed to deliver monitoring and warning of potential Earth impactors and tracking of newly discovered objects. The segment's assets consisted of a mixture of professional and amateur telescopes, including the OGS Telescope, that were supported by tracking databases. The plans were to create a fully integrated system supporting alerts for civil authorities, including the Flyeye (NEOSTEL) telescope planned for completion in 2020. The segment was operated by the SSA NEO Coordination Centre located at the ESA Centre for Earth Observation, Italy.[52] Space surveillance and tracking segment The SST segment's primary goal was the detection, cataloguing and orbit prediction of objects orbiting the Earth. It was part of an effort to avoid collisions between orbiting satellites and debris, provide safe reentries, detect on-orbit explosions, assist missions at launch, deployment and end-of-life and overall reduce cost of space access. The segment relied on existing European radar and optical systems. Some of its assets were existing radio and optical telescopes, serving a secondary role for tracking space debris.[53] The radar-based SST assets were split into two categories: surveillance and tracking systems. SSA SST radar systems included:[54] Surveillance Northern Cross transient radio telescope located at the Medicina Radio Observatory, serving as a receiver in bistatic radar system RAF Fylingdales's three face AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning phased array radar, serving as a monostatic system French Air Force bistatic radar-based space surveillance system GRAVES Tracking CAMRa 25-meter steerable parabolic dish S-band radar located at the Chilbolton Observatory EISCAT scatter radar capable of 3D monitoring of the atmosphere and ionosphere TIRA 34-meter parabolic dish with an L-band tracking radar and a Ku-band imaging radar SSA SST optical surveillance and tracking assets included:[55] Surveillance OLS telescope at the Observatorio Astronómico de Mallorca Starbrook and Starbrook north located at Troodos Station Fabra-ROA telescope (TFRM) at Serra del Montsec ZimSMART robotic telescope Tracking Satellite laser ranging station Graz at Lustbühel Observatory Matera Laser Ranging Observatory (MLRO) in Italy OGS Telescope at the Teide Observatory TAROT and TAROT-South robotic telescope at the La Silla Observatory ZIMLAT telescope at the Zimmerwald Observatory ESA Flyeye Telescope at Sicily, Italy [56] As part of the SSA Programme new, dedicated surveillance radar supported by optical sensors systems were planned to be developed. The segment was coordinated by the Space Surveillance Test & Validation (SSTC) Centre located at the ESAC in Spain.[53] Close approaches of Near-Earth objects and near earth asteroids were reported by ESA through the space situational awareness center.[57]

See also

• Kessler syndrome
• United States Space Surveillance Network
• List of European Space Agency programmes and missions