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Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church
Christian denomination in Spain From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church, also translated as Reformed Episcopal Church of Spain, or IERE (Spanish: Iglesia Española Reformada Episcopal) is the church of the Anglican Communion in Spain. It was founded in 1880 and since 1980 has been an extra-provincial church under the metropolitan authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury.[1] In 2016, a quantitative study of Anglicanism published in the Journal of Anglican Studies, by Cambridge University Press, reported that the church claims 5,000 total members.[2] In 2017, Growth and Decline in the Anglican Communion: 1980 to the Present, published by Routledge, collected research reporting there were 11,800 Episcopalians in Spain.[3] Its cathedral is the Anglican Cathedral of the Redeemer in Madrid.[4]
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Doctrine
In keeping with the rest of mainstream Anglicanism, the IERE claims itself to be part of the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Christ and his apostles.[5] It claims to maintain apostolic succession via the Church of Ireland's bishops and it holds to the threefold ministry of bishops, priests and deacons. It keeps the three creeds of the Primitive Church.
The IERE also claims itself to morally be the continuing church of the ancient pre-Spanish church by maintaining the sacramental system as handed down through the Mozarabic Rite. Due to its Reformed tradition, some[who?] would say this is largely a church that places itself within the confines of the Evangelical stream of Anglicanism.[citation needed]
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History
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The Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church was formed "being born of individuals who left the Church of Rome for reasons of Biblical conscience but desired epsicopacy and an ordered vernacular liturgy for which Anglicanism provided the original precedent."[6] The IERE considers its origin to be in 1868 when the "Consistorio General de la Iglesia en España" (General Consistory of the Church in Spain) was formed by Juan Bautista Cabrera in Gibraltar.[7]
The IERE was officially organised in 1880 by Cabrera, a former Catholic priest, and other former Catholic priests and Reformed ministers.[8] In 1878 he had requested the Church of England to consecrate a bishop. In 1880 the (Anglican) Episcopal Church in the United States sent a missionary-bishop from Mexico to visit Spain and Portugal and contributed in organising the congregations into the IERE and the Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church, each with its own synodical government.
At the synod of 1880, Cabrera was elected the first bishop of the IERE, under the pastoral care of William Plunket, 4th Baron Plunket, then Bishop of Meath and later Archbishop of Dublin. He had been interested in the two Iberian churches and determined to act to consecrate a bishop in Spain. The church remained without a bishop for a time after Cabrera died in 1916 and was placed under the authority of the Church of Ireland.[9] For a lengthy period from 1935 to 1951 there was not a single episcopal visit to Spain.[10] Fernando Cabrera, son of the church's first bishop, was elected to be the next bishop, but he died in 1954 before being consecrated. Fernando Cabrera served as rector of the Cathedral of the Redeemer for close to a half-century.[11]
The IERE experienced persecution during the regime of General Francisco Franco. Prior to Franco's regime, beginning in the 1850s, the majority of the residents of Villaescusa belonged to the Episcopal Church, but, in 1936, the Franco government seized the church's building and the congregation declined.[12][13] In 1954, Santos M. Molina was consecrated as a bishop. The consecration took place behind closed doors at his parish church in Seville. The ordaining bishops were from County Meath in Ireland and two bishops from the United States—Reginald Mallett from the Episcopal Diocese of Northern Indiana and Stephen Keeler from the Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota.[14] Under Molina the church experienced a resurgence. During his episcopate the IERE signed agreements of intercommunion with numerous provinces of the Anglican Communion, including the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Church of Ireland, the Church of England, the Church in Wales, the Anglican Church of South Africa, the Episcopal Church of the Philippines and the Old Catholic Church.[15]
In 1980 the IERE became an extra-provincial diocese under the metropolitan authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
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Bishops of the IERE
- Juan Bautista Cabrera Ibarz (1837–1916), first bishop (1896–1916)
- Santos Molina Zurita, second bishop (1954–1966)
- Ramón Taibo Sienes, third bishop (1967–1983)
- Arturo Sánchez Galán, fourth bishop (1983–1995)
- Carlos López Lozano (b. 1962), fifth bishop (from 1995)
Liturgy
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The IERE uses the Mozarabic Rite, also known as the Hispanic Rite, a Latin liturgical rite. It dates principally to the 7th and 8th centuries. St. Isidore of Seville (d. 636), who was influential at the Fourth Council of Toledo 633, according to the wishes of that council, gave the Hispanic Rite its final form before the Muslim conquest of Hispania. "Mozarab" is the term for the Christian population living under Muslim rulers in Al-Andalus.
Previous to its organisation, there were several translations of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer into Spanish in 1623[16] and in 1707.[17]
In 1881 the church combined a Spanish translation of the 1662 edition of the Book of Common Prayer with the Mozarabic liturgy, which had recently been translated. This is apparently the first time the Spanish speaking Anglicans inserted their own "historic, national tradition of liturgical worship within an Anglican prayer book".[18] A second edition was released in 1889 and a revision in 1975. This attempt combined the Anglican structure of worship with indigenous prayer traditions.[19]
An experimental "Rito 1" or "Rite 1" for the church dating from 1984 has some distinctive features, one being that that after the presiding priest or bishop prays for the absolution of the sins of the congregation, the congregation responds by praying in turn for the absolution of the sins of the president: "God have mercy on you also, forgive you your sins through Jesus Christ and give you eternal life by the power of the Holy Spirit. Amen."[20]
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Organisation
The IERE has a democratic, synodical (parliamentary) polity. The synod is the highest authority in the church; the laity and clergy have equal representation in it.[21] The parishes are represented by one cleric and by one lay person. The synod elects the standing Committee, which governs the church between synods.[22] The IERE is not a church with an episcopal government, like the Catholic Church, but is a synodical church governed by a bishop in synod. The bishop and the synod are required to work together in close co-operation. The current diocesan bishop is Carlos López Lozano, a Madrilene who was ordained as bishop by the Archbishop of Canterbury in November 1995.[23]
The church is divided for administrative purposes into three zones: Catalonia, Valencian Country, and Balearic Islands; Andalusia and Canary Islands; Centre and Northern Spain.[24] As of 2001, the IERE had one diocese and 22 licensed priests (one woman) serving 20 parishes, in Salamanca, Valencia, Valladolid, Seville, Oviedo, Tarragona, Murcia, Alicante, and Madrid.
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Affiliations
Together with the Church of England chaplaincies of the Diocese in Europe, the IERE is the representative of the Anglican Communion in Spain. It belongs to the Federation of Evangelical Religious Entities of Spain (FEDERE) and is member of the World Council of Churches and the Conference of European Churches. It is in full communion with the Old Catholic Churches as well as being part of the Porvoo Communion with the Scandinavian Lutheran churches.
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References
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External links
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