Static web page

A static web page, sometimes called a flat page or a stationary page, is a web page that is delivered to a web browser exactly as stored,^[1] in contrast to dynamic web pages which are generated by a web application.^[2]

Consequently, a static web page displays the same information for all users, from all contexts, subject to modern capabilities of a web server to negotiate content-type or language of the document where such versions are available and the server is configured to do so.^[3] However, a webpage's JavaScript can introduce dynamic functionality which may make the static web page dynamic.

Overview

Static web pages are often HTML documents,^[4] stored as files in the file system and made available by the web server over HTTP (nevertheless URLs ending with ".html" are not always static). However, loose interpretations of the term could include web pages stored in a database, and could even include pages formatted using a template and served through an application server, as long as the page served is unchanging and presented essentially as stored. Recent research also traces the historical evolution of web development, showing the shift from early static pages to highly dynamic web applications. Turemuratova (2025) highlights how modern practices often reintroduce static approaches through static site generators and hosting platforms, balancing simplicity with scalability.^[5]

The content of static web pages remains stationary irrespective of the number of times it is viewed. Such web pages are suitable for the contents that rarely need to be updated, though modern web template systems are changing this. Maintaining large numbers of static pages as files can be impractical without automated tools, such as static site generators. Any personalization or interactivity has to run client-side, which is restricting.^[6]

Advantages

• Provide improved security over dynamic websites (dynamic websites are at risk to web shell attacks if a vulnerability is present)^[7]
• Improved performance for end users compared to dynamic websites^[8]
• Fewer or no dependencies on systems such as databases or other application servers ^[9]
• Cost savings from utilizing cloud storage, as opposed to a hosted environment^[10]
• Security configurations are easy to set up, which makes it more secure

Disadvantages

• Dynamic functionality must be performed on the client side^[6]

Static site generators

Main article: Static site generator

Static site generators are applications that compile static websites - typically populating HTML templates in a predefined folder and file structure, with content supplied in a format such as Markdown or AsciiDoc.

Research and analysis

Scholarly work has highlighted both the conceptual and practical differences between static and dynamic websites. Petersen (2016) describes how static-by-nature websites benefit from lower complexity, fewer attack vectors, and simplified deployment compared to dynamic sites.^[11]

Other studies emphasize collaborative workflows for static site projects. Newson (2017) details how distributed teams use static site generators with version control systems such as Git to enable multi-author contributions.^[12]

Kumari and Kumari (2019) provide a fundamental analysis of static website design and functionality, noting advantages in performance, reliability, and reduced infrastructure costs.^[13]

Performance and usability studies

Performance comparisons between static and dynamic implementations are common in the literature. Tomiša et al. (2019) compared static and dynamic WordPress deployments, finding that static versions processed HTTP requests faster and required fewer server resources.^[14]

Balajee et al. (2022) emphasized how drag-and-drop site building approaches are increasingly applied to static websites, which improves accessibility for non-technical users and enhances end-user experience.^[15]

Neupane (2020) demonstrated that cloud platforms such as Heroku can be used to deploy static sites with minimal configuration, illustrating that static deployment strategies increasingly overlap with practices for web applications.^[16]

Static hosting providers

In addition to generators, static websites are commonly published through specialized hosting services that streamline deployment and global delivery via CDNs. Notable examples include GitHub Pages, Netlify, Cloudflare Pages, and Tiiny Host. ^{[17][18][19][20]}

Implementations

• Jekyll (powers GitHub Pages)
• Middleman
• Hugo
• Next.js
• Astro.build
• Pelican^[21]
• Franklin^[22]