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Sternal foramen
Anatomical variation of the sternum From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sternal foramen (or perforated sternum) is an oval foramen present at lower one-third of the sternum. It is a relatively common anatomical variation found in 6.5% of individuals.[1]

Structure
This variation is usually present at the lower one-third of the sternal body. It has an oval shape and a unique "bow tie" appearance when seen on axial computed tomography. The diameter of the sternal foramen ranges from 6 to 16 mm with an average diameter of 6.5 mm.[2] Sometimes, the foramen can be present at the xiphod process. In extremely rare cases, the foramen is found at the manubrium.[3]
Developmentally, sternal foramen results from the incomplete fusion of the sternal bars while they are still cartilaginous.[4]
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Clinical significance
Although sternal foramen is asymptomatic, it may entail a risk of serious complications from blinded sternal interventions. The foramen may be misdiagnosed as sternal fracture or a gunshot wound. Awareness of sternal foramen is also crucial in acupuncture to avoid cardiac tamponade.[5]
Additional images
- Sternal foramen on axial and sagittal CT. The "bow tie" appearance is seen on the axial view.
- Sternal foramen and xiphoid foramen
- Sternal foramen observed in dry skeleton
- A 3D file showing a sternum with sternal foramen and xiphoid foramen
See also
References
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