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Substack
American online newsletter platform From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Substack is an American online platform that provides publishing, payment, analytics, and design infrastructure to support subscription-based content, including newsletters, podcasts, and video.[5][6] It allows writers to send digital content directly to subscribers.[7][8] Founded in 2017, Substack is headquartered in San Francisco.[9]
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History
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Substack was founded in 2017 by Chris Best, the co-founder of Kik Messenger; Jairaj Sethi, a head of platform and principal developer at Kik Messenger; and Hamish McKenzie, a former PandoDaily tech reporter.[10][11] Best and McKenzie have said Ben Thompson's Stratechery, a subscription-based tech and media newsletter, was a major inspiration for their platform.[5] Best acts as CEO of the company.[12][13]
In 2019, Substack added support for podcasts and discussion threads among newsletter subscribers.[14][15]
By November 2021, the platform said it had more than 500,000 paying subscribers, representing over one million subscriptions.[16]
In January 2022, Substack announced that it would begin private beta testing of video functionality on its platform.[16] In November, it launched Substack Chat, where content creators could create private group chats with subscribers.[6] The same year, the company launched the Substack Reader app for iOS, followed by an Android version six months later.[17][18]
In April 2023, Elon Musk spoke with Substack's leadership about purchasing the platform, but his offer was rejected.[19] The same month, Substack implemented a Notes feature, which allows users to publish and repost short-form content. This microblogging feature has been compared to Twitter, and many outlets considered it a response to changes at Twitter under Musk's ownership.[20][21] Musk criticized Substack Notes, and Twitter began censoring links to Substack.[22][23][24]
In November 2023, Substack introduced new video creating and editing tools, and content creators started launching original shows on the platform.[6][25]
In April 2024, Substack partnered with Spotify to enable podcasters to distribute episodes on both platforms and added new editing features for podcasts.[26] In June 2024, Substack announced a year-long development initiative for TikTok creators called Creator Studio,[27] and added five-minute video capabilities to the chat function.[28] Video was also added to Notes.[29][30]
By November 2024, Substack had 4 million paid subscriptions.[31]
Substack added livestreaming options for creators in September 2024.[32][25] Following this and the January 2025 restrictions on TikTok in the United States, Substack announced the ability to post and monetize videos directly through the Substack app in February 2025.[29] In March 2025, Substack announced that it had 5 million paid subscriptions.[33] In June, independent journalist Eric Newcomer reported that Substack was in talks to raise a new funding round. The New York Times later reported that Substack had raised $100 million, valuing the company at $1.1 billion.[34][35]
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Content
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Substack users include journalists, subject-matter experts, and media platforms.[36][37][38] Among the high-profile writers who have used the platform are Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and author Glenn Greenwald; the Nobel laureate and economist Paul Krugman; Seymour Hersh; culture critic Anne Helen Petersen; music essayist Robert Christgau; and food writer Alison Roman.[39] New York Times columnist Mike Isaac argued in 2019 that companies like Substack see newsletters as a stabler means to maintain readers through more direct connection with writers.[12] In 2020, The New Republic said there was an dearth of local news newsletters, especially in contrast to the large number of national-level political newsletters.[40] As of late 2020, many journalists and reporters were joining the platform, driven in part by the long-term decline in traditional media (there were half as many newsroom jobs in 2019 as in 2004).[41] Around that time, The New Yorker wrote that while "Substack has advertised itself as a friendly home for journalism, ... few of its newsletters publish original reporting; the majority offer personal writing, opinion pieces, research, and analysis."[42] It called Substack's content moderation policy "lightweight", with rules against "harassment, threats, spam, pornography, and calls for violence; moderation decisions are made by the founders".[42]
Major writers who have used Substack include historian Heather Cox Richardson, tech journalists Casey Newton[43] and Eric Newcomer,[44] data journalists Matthew Yglesias and G. Elliott Morris,[45][46] economists Glenn Loury and Emily Oster, linguist John McWhorter, journalists Matt Taibbi and Bari Weiss,[47] and authors Daniel M. Lavery, George Saunders, Blake Nelson, Chuck Palahniuk,[48] Marianne Williamson,[49] Salman Rushdie,[50] Tui T. Sutherland,[51] David Bentley Hart,[52] and Skottie Young.[53]
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Finances
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Authors can decide to make subscribing to their newsletter free or paid, and to make specific posts publicly available to non-subscribers.[42] As of 2020[update], the minimum subscription fee was $5/month or $30/year,[42] and Substack usually takes a 10% cut from subscription payments.[38][10] Substack earns no revenue from advertisements placed by publishers.[41] In February 2019, the platform began allowing creators to monetize podcasts.[54] Substack reported 11,000 paid subscribers as of 2018, rising to 50,000 in 2019.[54]
Substack raised an initial seed round in 2018 from investors including The Chernin Group, Zhen Fund, Twitch CEO Emmett Shear, and Zynga co-founder Justin Waldron.[55] Andreessen Horowitz provided $15.3 million in Series A funding in 2019, some of which went to bringing high-profile writers into Substack's network.[56] Substack has provided some content creators with advances to start working on their platform.[38]
In 2019, the site provided a fellowship to some writers, which included a $3,000 stipend and a one-day workshop in San Francisco. The decline of sports-oriented publications such as Sports Illustrated, Deadspin, and SB Nation, coupled with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, led to a surge in sports journalists moving to write on Substack in 2019 and 2020. Substack competes with subscription site The Athletic in this submarket, so McKenzie says the company recruits less strongly in that market.[10] In 2020, after the onset of the pandemic, Substack extended grants of $1,000–$3,000 to over 40 writers to begin working on the platform.[10] It expanded into comics content in 2021 and signed creators including Saladin Ahmed, Jonathan Hickman, Molly Ostertag, Scott Snyder, and James Tynion IV, paying them while keeping their subscription revenue. After their first year, Substack will take 10 percent of subscription revenue.[47]
Substack's founders reached out to a small pool of writers in 2017 to acquire its first creators.[11] Bill Bishop was among the first to put his newsletter, Sinocism, on Substack, offering its daily content for $11 a month or $118 a year.[5] As of 2019, Bishop's Sinocism was the top-paid newsletter on the service.[54] By late 2020, the conservative newsletter The Dispatch became the top Substack user, with more than 100,000 subscribers and over $2 million in first-year revenue, according to founder Steve Hayes.[41] In May 2021, Substack acquired Brooklyn-based startup People & Company.[57] In August 2020, Substack reported that over 100,000 users were paying for at least one newsletter.[56] As of August 2021, Substack had more than 250,000 paying subscribers and its top ten publishers were making $7 million in annualized revenue.[58] In April 2022, The New York Times reported Substack may be valued at $650 million.[59] Substack dropped an effort to raise money in May 2022.[60] The company had aimed to raise between $75 million and $100 million.[60]
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Programs
In March 2021, Substack revealed that it had been experimenting with a revenue sharing program called Substack Pro, which paid advances for writers to create publications on its platform,[4] but received criticism for not disclosing which writers were part of Substack Pro.[61] This program ended in 2022.[62]
Substack provides legal advice to its writers through its program, Substack Defender. Lawyers provide a legal review of stories before they are published, and provide advice surrounding cease-and-desist letters related to writers' work. Substack has committed to covering up to $1 million in fees for cases accepted by Defender lawyers.[58] The program was expanded in 2025 to include a partnership with the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression.[63]
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Criticism
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On July 28, 2020, Substack accidentally exposed users’ email addresses by putting them in the "cc" field instead of "bcc" in a privacy policy update email regarding the California Consumer Privacy Act. It acknowledged the mistake on Twitter.[64]
In 2020, popular platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube began restricting or deleting accounts they claimed spread COVID-19 misinformation, and some prominent authors accused of spreading misinformation moved from those platforms to Substack. The Washington Post mentioned Joseph Mercola and Steve Bannon as conspiracy theorists who have moved their online presence to Substack.[65]
In January 2022, the Center for Countering Digital Hate accused Substack of allowing content that could be dangerous to public health. The Center estimated that the company earned $2.5 million per year from the top five anti-vaccine authors alone.[65] The three founders responded via blog post affirming their commitment to minimal censorship.[66]
Substack faced further criticism in November 2023 for allowing its platform to be used by white nationalists, Nazis, and antisemites.[67] In an open letter, more than 100 Substack creators threatened to leave the platform[68] and implored Substack's leadership to stop giving bigotry a platform.[69] In response, Substack CEO Hamish McKenzie said the company would continue to allow the publication of extremist views because attempting to censor them would make the problem worse.[70][71] Creators like Casey Newton,[72][73][74] Molly White, and Ryan Broderick left the platform as a result.[75]
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