Sultanate of Sambas

The Sultanate of Sambas (Malay: كسلطانن سمبس‎, romanized: Kesultanan Sambas) was a traditional Malay state on the Western coast of the island of Borneo, in modern-day Indonesia.

Sambas Sultanate كسلطانن سمبس‎ Kesultanan Melayu Sambas
1600–1854
Flag
Capital	Sambas
Common languages	Classical Sambas Malay
Other languages	Sanskrit (until 1675) Arabic
Religion	Hinduism (until 1675) Sunni Islam
Demonym(s)	Sambas
Government	Monarchy
Sultans
• 1675–1685	Muhammad Shafi ud-din I (First Sultan)
• 1846–1854	Abu Bakr Tajuddin II (Last Sultan)
History
• Established	1600
• Arrival of Sultan Tengah	1639
• Sambas expeditions	1812-1813
• Sarawak Uprising of 1836	1836 – December 1840
• Exile of Abu Bakar Tajuddin II	1854
Preceded by Succeeded by Sultanate of Sarawak Bruneian Empire Dutch East Indies
Today part of	Indonesia

History

At first governed by governors, Sambas became a kingdom in 1609 with the descendant of Sepudak. She married one of her daughters to a prince of Sultan Muhammad Hassan of Brunei, Prince Tengah whom later became the first and the last Sultan of Sarawak for Bruneian Empire. The child of this union, Muhammad Saif ud-din I became the first Muslim Sultan of Sambas.

During the colonial period, Sambas remained largely independent and became a center of pirate activity in the early nineteenth century. In 1812 and 1813, the British launched two military expeditions against Sambas, the first one failing and the second one managing to capture Sambas.^[1] The Dutch took control in 1819, leading into frequent minglings into succession, deposing and exiling Abu Bakar Tajuddin II to Java.

Umar Akam ud-din III, the Sultan of Sambas (1854-1866)

Territories

The territories of the Sambas Sultanate at the beginning, when it was first established by Raden Sulaiman (Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin I), included the Sambas River and its tributaries, as well as the Paloh River and its tributaries. During the reign of the 2nd Sultan of Sambas, Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin I (Raden Bima), the boundaries of the Sambas Sultanate expanded to include the Sambas River and the Selakau River and its tributaries. The territory of the Sambas Sultanate then continued to expand until during the reign of the 4th Sultan of Sambas (Sultan Abubakar Kamaluddin), the territory of the Sambas Sultanate encompassed Tanjung Datuk in the north to the Duri River in the south, then the Montraduk and Bengkayang areas in the southeast, and the Seluas and Sungkung areas in the east. The territory of the Sambas Sultanate from the time of the 4th Sultan of Sambas (Sultan Abubakar Kamaluddin) then continued to survive until the end of the Sambas Sultanate's reign for about 279 years (through 15 Sultans and 2 Heads of Government) namely by joining the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RIS) in 1950. In 1956, the former territory of the Sambas Sultanate (namely the territory of the Sambas Sultanate since the 4th Sultan of Sambas until the end of the Sambas Sultanate's reign) was completely made into the Sambas Regency (as stated in the West Kalimantan Regional News regarding the formation of Sambas Regency in 1956). The Sambas Regency area then continued to survive until then in 2000, the Sambas Regency area was expanded into 3 Government Areas namely Sambas Regency, Singkawang City, and Bengkayang Regency until now.^[2][3]

List of rulers

Panembahan Ratu (King) of Sambas:

• Timbang Paseban (1600–1609)
• Sepudak (1609–1632)
• Anom Kesumayuda (1632–1670)

Sultanate of Sambas:

• Muhammad Shafi ud-din I (1675–1685)
• Muhammad Taj ud-din I (1685–1708)
• Umar Aqam ud-din I (1708–1732)
• Abu Bakar Kamal ud-din I (1732–1764)
• Umar Akam ud-din II (1764–1786)
• Achmad Taj ud-din II (1786–1793)
• Abu Bakar Taj ud-din I (1793–1815)
• Muhammad 'Ali Shafi ud-din I (1815–1828)
• Usman Kamal ud-din (1828–1832)
• Umar Akam ud-din III (1832–1846)
• Abu Bakar Taj ud-din II (1846–1854)
• Umar Kamal ud-din (1854–1866)
• Muhammad Shafi ud-din II (1866–1924)
• Muhammad 'Ali Shafi ud-din II (1924–1926)
• Muhammad Tayeb (Chief of Dewan Majelis Kesultanan Sambas 1926 - 1931)
• Muhammad Ibrahim Shafi ud-din (1931–1943)
• Muchsin Panji Anom (Chief of Dewan Majelis Kesultanan Sambas 1946 - 1950)
• Muhammad Taufik (Head of the Royal Family 1950 - 1984)
• Winata Kusuma (Head of the Royal Family 1984 - 2000, Sultan 2000 - 2008, died 1 February 2008)
• Muhammad Tarhan (Head of the Royal Family since 3 February 2008)

Family tree

Family tree of Sambas Monarchs

Muhammad Shafiuddin I (1) r. 1671-1682 Muhammad Tajuddin (2) r. 1682-1718 Umar Aqamaddin I (3) r. 1718-1732 Abubakr Kamaluddin (4) r. 1732-1762 Umar Aqamaddin II (5) r. 1762-1786, 1793-1802 Achmad Tajuddin I (6) r. 1786-1793 Abubakr Tajuddin I (7) r. 1802-1815 Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin I (8) r. 1815-1828 Usman Kamaluddin I (9) r. 1828-1832 Umar Aqamaddin III (10) r. 1832-1846 Abubakr Tajuddin II (11) r. 1846-1854 Umar Kamaluddin II (12) r. 1854-1866 Muhammad Shafiuddin II (13) r. 1866-1924 Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin II (14) r. 1924-1926 Pangeran Achmad Tajuddin II Muhammad Ibrahim Shafiuddin (15) r. 1931-1944 Head of the Royal Family Muhammad Taufik (16) r. 1944-1984 Winata Kusuma (17) r. 1984-2008 Muhammad Tarhan (18) r. 2008-present