Table of keyboard shortcuts

In computing, a keyboard shortcut is a sequence or combination of keystrokes on a computer keyboard which invokes commands in software.

Most keyboard shortcuts require the user to press a single key or a sequence of keys one after the other. Other keyboard shortcuts require pressing and holding several keys simultaneously (indicated in the tables below by the + sign). Keyboard shortcuts may depend on the keyboard layout.

Action	Windows	macOS^{[notes 1]}	Linux	Emacs	Vim	ChromeOS
File menu	`Alt`+`F`, or `F10` then `F`	`Ctrl`+`F2`, then `F`^{[notes 2]}	`Alt`+`F`	`Meta`+`, then `f`	`Alt`+`f` (gvim) or `Ctrl`+`e` (vim + NERDTree)	`Ctrl`+`O`
Edit menu	`Alt`+`E`	`Ctrl`+`F2`, then `E`^{[notes 2]}	`Alt`+`E`	`Meta`+`, then `e`	`Alt`+`e` (gvim)
View menu	`Alt`+`V`	`Ctrl`+`F2`, then `V`^{[notes 2]}	`Alt`+`V`
Undo the last operation	`Ctrl`+`Z`, or `Alt`+`← Backspace`	`⌘ Cmd`+`Z`	`Ctrl`+`Z`	`Ctrl`+`x`, then `u` or `Ctrl`+`/` or `Ctrl`+`_` or `Undo`	`u`	`Ctrl`+`Z`
Redo the last operation	`Ctrl`+`Y`, or `Alt`+`Shift`+`Backspace`	`⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`Z`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Z`, or `Ctrl`+`Y`	Same as undo, when undo is exhausted, it redoes. Move the cursor after one or more undos, and further undos will be redos. Since version 28, also `Ctrl`+`?` or `Ctrl`+`Alt`+`_`.	`Ctrl`+`r`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Z`
Cut the selection and store it in the clipboard	`Ctrl`+`X`, or `⇧ Shift`+`Del`	`⌘ Cmd`+`X`	`Ctrl`+`X`	`Ctrl`+`w`	`x` or `"ax` to cut in register "a" or `"+x` to cut in system clipboard	`Ctrl`+`X`
Copy the selection into the clipboard	`Ctrl`+`C`, or `Ctrl`+`Ins`	`⌘ Cmd`+`C`	`Ctrl`+`C`	`Meta`+`w`, or `Ctrl`+`Ins`	`y` or `"ay` or `"+y`	`Ctrl`+`C`
Paste contents of clipboard at cursor	`Ctrl`+`V`,or `⇧ Shift`+`Ins`	`⌘ Cmd`+`V`	`Ctrl`+`V`	`Ctrl`+`y`, or `⇧ Shift`+`Ins`	`p` or `"ap` to paste the content of the "a" register or `"+p` to paste the content of the system clipboard	`Ctrl`+`V`
Paste special	`⊞ Win`+`V`	`Shift`+`Opt`+`Cmd`+`V`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`V`	`Meta`+`y`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`V`	`Search`+`V`
Select all in focused control or window	`Ctrl`+`A`	`⌘ Cmd`+`A`	`Ctrl`+`A`	`Ctrl`+`x`, then `h`	`ggVG`, unlikely ever needed as most commands take an optional range parameter. `%` means "all in focused windows" here so e.g. to copy all the text, use `:%y`	`Ctrl`+`A`
Cycle through installed keyboard languages / input methods	`Alt`+`⇧ Shift`, `Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`, `⊞ Win`+`Space`, `⊞ Win`+`⇧ Shift`+`Space` `Alt`+`⇧ Shift` changes between languages while `Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift` changes between keyboard layouts of the same language. The latter two display a menu with the currently selected input method highlighted, and debuted in Windows 8. `⊞ Win`+`⇧ Shift`+`Space` goes through the list backwards. For the first two shortcuts going backwards is done by using the right `⇧ Shift` key instead of the left.	`Fn` or `⌘ Cmd`+`Space` on older devices (not MBR) Configure desired keypress in Keyboard and Mouse Preferences, Keyboard Shortcuts, Select the next source in Input menu.^[1]	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`K` via KDE Keyboard `Alt`+`⇧ Shift` in GNOME	`Ctrl`+`\`		`Ctrl`+`Space`
Print	`Ctrl`+`P`	`⌘ Cmd`+`P`	`Ctrl`+`P`			`Ctrl`+`P`
Open Help Menu			`F1` in GNOME			`Ctrl`+`Search`+`S`
Windows Mobility Center	Windows 7: `⊞ Win`+`X` Windows 10: `⊞ Win`+`X` then `B`
PowerUser (WinX) Menu	Windows 10: `⊞ Win`+`X`
Restart Video Driver	Windows 10: `Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`⊞ Win`+`B`^[2]^[3]

Action	Windows	macOS^{[notes 1]}	Linux	ChromeOS
Lock desktop	`⊞ Win`+`L`^[4]	`Ctrl`+`⌘ Cmd`+`Q`^[5] (macOS High Sierra and greater) or `Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Eject` or MBR `Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Pwr` (If "Require password after sleep or screen saver" is enabled in "System Preferences — Security & Privacy")	`Super`+`L` (GNOME)^[6] or `Ctrl`+`Alt`+`L`	`Search`+`L`
Log out user		`⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`Q`	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Q` (Twice)
Switch active user	`⊞ Win`+`L`^{[notes 3]}
Applications menu	`⊞ Win` or `Ctrl`+`Esc`	`Ctrl`+`F2`, then `"n"`^{[notes 2]}	`Super` or `Ctrl`+`Esc`	`Search`
Run application	`⊞ Win`, enter executable name or `⊞ Win`+`R`, enter executable name	`⌘ Cmd`+`Space`, enter executable name or `⌘ Cmd`+`↓`	`Alt`+`F2`, enter executable name
Search	`⊞ Win`, enter executable name or `⊞ Win`+`S` or `F3`	`⌘ Cmd`+`Space`	`⊞ Win` (Gnome)	`Search`
Show desktop	`⊞ Win`+`D`	`Fn`+`H` or `F11`	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`D`
Access SysTray	`⊞ Win`+`B`			`⇧ Shift`+`Alt`+`S`
Switch window (next/previous)	`Alt`+`Tab ↹` / `⇧ Shift`+`Alt`+`Tab ↹`	`⌘ Cmd`+`Tab ↹` / `⌘ Cmd`+`⇧ Shift`+`Tab ↹` (While in app switching window, `⌘ Cmd`+` can be used to select backward, `⌘ Cmd`+`1` can be used to view selected app's windows)	`Alt`+`Tab ↹` / `Alt`+`⇧ Shift`+`Tab ↹` or `Alt`+`Tab ↹` / `Alt`+`⇧ Shift`+`Tab ↹` to switch windows within the same application (Gnome)	Hold `Alt`, then quickly press `Tab ↹`
Switch window without dialog (next/previous)	`Alt`+`Esc` / `⇧ Shift`+`Alt`+`Esc`	Only works within single Applications `⌘ Cmd`+` / `⌘ Cmd`+`⇧ Shift`+`
Task manager	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Esc`, `Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`^{[notes 4]}	`⌥ Opt`+`⌘ Cmd`+`Esc` (summons "Force Quit Applications" window)		`Search`+`Esc`
File manager	`⊞ Win`+`E`		`Super`+`F`	`⇧ Shift`+`Alt`+`M`
New folder	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`N`	`⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`N`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`N`	`Ctrl`+`E`
Rename object	`F2`	`↵ Enter`^{[notes 5]} or `F2`	`F2`	`Ctrl`+`↵ Enter`
Show hidden files	`Alt`+`V`, then `H`, then `H` again, while in File Explorer, will toggle setting	`⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`.`, while in Finder, will toggle setting	`Ctrl`+`H`, `Alt`+`.` in KDE	`Ctrl`+`.`

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	ChromeOS
Place computer into sleep/standby mode	Windows 10: `⊞ Win`+`x` > `u` > `s` Windows 7: `⊞ Win`+`→`+`→`+`↵ Enter` `Sleep` (available on some keyboards)	`⌥ Opt`+`⌘ Cmd`+`Eject`	`Sleep` (available on some keyboards, configurable in Control Panel ➢ Power Options ➢ Advanced tab dialog box)
Shut down computer	Windows 10: `⊞ Win`+`x` > `u` > `u`	`Ctrl`+`⌥ Opt`+`⌘ Cmd`+`Eject` (no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`⇧ Shift`+`PageDown` (KDE; no confirmation, shutdown is immediate) (GNOME; there is no default shortcut)^[6]	`Power` (Hold for 10 seconds)
Restart computer	Windows 10: `⊞ Win`+`x` > `u` > `r` Windows 7: `⊞ Win`+`→`+`→`+`↑`+`↵ Enter`	`Ctrl`+`⌘ Cmd`+`Eject`^[7] or `Ctrl`+`⌘ Cmd`+`Power` (no confirmation, restart is immediate)	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`⇧ Shift`+`PageUp` (KDE; no confirmation, restart is immediate)
Place display in sleep mode		`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Eject`		where is lined
Bring up power/sleep dialog box		`Ctrl`+`Eject`
Force shutdown	`Power` (Hold for several seconds)	`⌥ Opt`+`⌘ Cmd`+`Eject` or Hold `Power` for 10 seconds		`refresh`+`power`

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	ChromeOS
Save screenshot of entire screen as file	`⊞ Win`+`Print Screen`	`⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`3`^[8]	`Print Screen`^[9]	`Ctrl`+`Show Windows`
Copy screenshot of entire screen to clipboard	`⊞ Win`+`Print Screen` or `Print Screen`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`3`	`Ctrl`+`Print Screen`	`Ctrl`+`Show Windows`
Copy screenshot of active window to clipboard	`Alt`+`Print Screen`		`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Print Screen`
Save screenshot of window as file		`⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`4` then `Space` then move mouse and click	`Alt`+`Print Screen` (GNOME)	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Show Windows` then move mouse and click
Copy screenshot of window to clipboard		`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`4` then `Space` then move mouse and click	`Alt`+`Print Screen` (GNOME)	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Show Windows` then move mouse and click
Save screenshot of arbitrary area as file		`⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`4` then click+drag mouse over required area	`Print Screen` click+drag mouse over required area, then `↵ Enter` (GNOME)	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Show Windows` then click+drag mouse over required area
Copy screenshot of arbitrary area to clipboard (Snip)	Windows 10: `⊞ Win`+`⇧ Shift`+`S`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`4` then click+drag mouse over required area	`Print Screen` click+drag mouse over required area, then `↵ Enter` (GNOME)	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Show Windows` then click+drag mouse over required area
Screencasting			`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`⇧ Shift`+`R` (GNOME^[10]^[11])	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Show Windows` then select the Screen Record button on the toolbar
Screenshot Utility		`⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`5`^[12]	`Print Screen`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Show Windows`
Save screenshot of the Touch Bar as file		`⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`6`^[13]

Action	Windows	macOS^{[notes 1]}	Linux	Emacs	Vim	ChromeOS
Delete char to the right of cursor	`Del` or `Fn`+`← Backspace`	`Del` or `Fn`+`← Backspace` or `Ctrl+D`	`Del`	`Ctrl`+`d`	`x`	`Alt`+`← Backspace` or `Search`+`← Backspace` or `Del`
Delete word to the right of cursor	`Ctrl`+`Del`	`⌥ Opt`+`Del` or `⌥ Opt`+`Fn`+`← Backspace`	`Ctrl`+`Del`	`Meta`+`d`	`dw` (delete space too) or `de` (keep space)	`Ctrl`+`Search`+`← Backspace`
Delete word to the left of cursor	`Ctrl`+`← Backspace`	`⌥ Opt`+`← Backspace`	`Ctrl`+`← Backspace`	`Ctrl`+`← Backspace` or `Meta`+`← Backspace`	`dge` (delete space too) or `db` (keep space)	`Ctrl`+`← Backspace`
Go to start of line	`Home` or `Fn`+`←`	`⌘ Cmd`+`←` (go to start of line) or `Ctrl`+`A` (go to start of paragraph)	`Home`	`Ctrl`+`a` or `Home`	`^` (go to first non-space) or `0` (go to column 0)	`Search`+`←`
Go to end of line	`End` or `Fn`+`→`	`⌘ Cmd`+`→` (go to end of line) or `Ctrl`+`E` (go to end of paragraph)	`End`	`Ctrl`+`e` or `End`	`$`	`Search`+`→`
Go to start of document	`Ctrl`+`Home`	`⌘ Cmd`+`↑`	`Ctrl`+`Home`	`Meta`+`<` or `Ctrl`+`Home`	`gg`	`Ctrl`+`Search`+`←`
Go to end of document	`Ctrl`+`End`	`⌘ Cmd`+`↓`	`Ctrl`+`End`	`Meta`+`>` or `Ctrl`+`End`	`G`	`Ctrl`+`Search`+`→`
Go to previous word	`Ctrl`+`←` or `Ctrl`+`/`	`⌥ Opt`+`←` or `Ctrl`+`⌥ Opt`+`B`	`Ctrl`+`←`	`Meta`+`b` or `Ctrl`+`←` or `Meta`+`←`	`b` or `ge`	`Ctrl`+`←`
Go to next word	`Ctrl`+`→`	`⌥ Opt`+`→` or `Ctrl`+`⌥ Opt`+`F`	`Ctrl`+`→`	`Meta`+`f` or `Ctrl`+`→` or `Meta`+`→`	`w` or `e`	`Ctrl`+`→`
Go to previous line	`↑`	`↑` or `Ctrl`+`p`	`↑`	`Ctrl`+`p` or `↑`	`k` or `↑`	`↑`
Go to next line	`↓`	`↓` or `Ctrl`+`n`	`↓`	`Ctrl`+`n` or `↓`	`j` or `↓`	`↓`
Go to previous line break (paragraph)	`Ctrl`+`↑`	`⌥ Opt`+`↑`	`Ctrl`+`↑` (kword or GNOME)	`Meta`+`(` or `Control`+`↑`	`(`	`Ctrl`+`↑`
Go to next line break	`Ctrl`+`↓`	`⌥ Opt`+`↓`	`Ctrl`+`↓` (kword or GNOME)	`Meta`+`}` or `Control`+`↓`	`)`	`Ctrl`+`↓`
Move the cursor down the length of the viewport	`Page Down`	`⌥ Opt`+`PageDn` or `⌥ Opt`+`Fn`+`↓` or `Ctrl`+`V`	`Page Down`	`Ctrl`+`v` or `Page Down`	`Ctrl`+`f` or `Page Down`	`Search`+`↓`
Move the cursor up the length of the viewport	`Page Up`	`⌥ Opt`+`PageUp` or `⌥ Opt`+`Fn`+`↑`	`Page Up`	`Meta`+`v` or `Page Up`	`Ctrl`+`b` or `Page Up`	`Search`+`↑`
Find	`Ctrl`+`F`	`⌘ Cmd`+`F` or `⌘ Cmd`+`E` (search with current selection)	`Ctrl`+`F` `Ctrl`+`K` (GNOME; interactive search)	`Ctrl`+`s`	`/`	`Ctrl`+`F`
Go to next search result	`F3`	`⌘ Cmd`+`G`	`Ctrl`+`G` (GNOME) or `F3` (KDE)^[17]	`Ctrl`+`s`	`n`	`Ctrl`+`G` or `↵ Enter`
Go to previous search result	`⇧ Shift`+`F3`	`⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`G`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`G` (GNOME) or `⇧ Shift`+`F3` (KDE)^[17]	`Ctrl`+`r`	`N`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`G` or `⇧ Shift`+`↵ Enter`
Search and replace	`Ctrl`+`H`	`⌘ Cmd`+`F`	`Ctrl`+`H` (GNOME) or `Ctrl`+`R` (KDE)	`Meta`+`%`	`%s/fosh/fish/gc`^{[notes 8]}	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`H`
Search with a regular expression				`Ctrl`+`Meta`+`s`	All searches use regular expressions.
Search and replace with a regular expression				`Ctrl`+`Meta`+`%`	All searches use regular expressions.
Emoji Picker	`⊞ Win`+`.` or `⊞ Win`+`;`	`Ctrl`+`⌘ Cmd`+`Space`				`Search`+`⇧ Shift`+`Space`

Table of keyboard shortcuts

Comparison of keyboard shortcuts

General shortcuts

System navigation

Power management

Screenshots

Text editing

Text formatting

Browsers / Go menu

Web browsers

Tab management

Window management

User interface navigation (widgets and controls)

Command line shortcuts

Accessibility

See also

Notes

References

External links

Wikiwand - on

Action	Windows WordPad	macOS^{[notes 1]}	Linux^[18]	Emacs	Vim
Bold	`Ctrl`+`B`	`⌘ Cmd`+`B`	`Ctrl`+`B`	`Meta`+`o`, then `b`
Underline	`Ctrl`+`U`	`⌘ Cmd`+`U`	`Ctrl`+`U`	`Meta`+`o`, then `u`
Italic	`Ctrl`+`I`	`⌘ Cmd`+`I`	`Ctrl`+`I`	`Meta`+`o`, then `i`
Uppercase / Lowercase	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`A`	`⌥ Opt`+`⌘ Cmd`+`C`	`⇧ Shift`+`F3`	`Meta`+`u` for upper, `Meta`+`l` for lower, `Meta`+`c` for capitalized.	`gU` for upper, `gu` for lower, `~` to toggle.
Superscript	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`=`	`Ctrl`+`⌘ Cmd`+`+` (some applications only)	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`P`^[19]
Subscript	`Ctrl`+`=`	`Ctrl`+`⌘ Cmd`+`-` (some applications only)	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`B`^[19]
Selected text larger/smaller	`Ctrl`+`>`, `Ctrl`+`<` or `Ctrl`+`[`, `Ctrl/core`+`]` or `Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`>`, `Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`<`^[20]	`⌘ Cmd`+`+` `⌘ Cmd`+`-`
Selected text Bullets or Numbered Items	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`L`
Insert Linebreak/Newline	`Ctrl`+`↵ Enter`	`⇧ Shift`+`↵ Enter`^{[notes 5]} or `Ctrl`+`↵ Enter` or `⌥ Opt`+`↵ Enter`^{[notes 5]} (may be able to skip some editor-defined input processing)	`Ctrl`+`↵ Enter`
Insert Unicode	`Alt`+`X` + character codepoint	`⌥ Opt` + character codepoint ("Unicode Hex Input" must be added and active as current input source)	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`U` + character codepoint	`Ctrl`+`v`+`u` + character codepoint	`Ctrl`+`X`+`8` + character codepoint

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	ChromeOS
Go to Address Bar	`Ctrl`+`L` / `F6` / `Alt`+`D`, `Alt`+`C` or `Alt`+`E` depending on language	`⌘ Cmd`+`L` or `⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`G`	`Ctrl`+`L` or `Alt`+`D` or `F6`	`Ctrl`+`L` or `Alt`+`D`
Go to the previous location in history^[21]	`Alt`+`←` or `← Backspace`	`⌘ Cmd`+`[` or `⌘ Cmd`+`←`	`Alt`+`←`	`Alt`+`←`
Go to the next location in history	`Alt`+`→` or `⇧ Shift`+`← Backspace` (web browser only)	`⌘ Cmd`+`]` or `⌘ Cmd`+`→`	`Alt`+`→`	`Alt`+`→`
Go up one level in the navigation hierarchy	`Alt`+`↑` (Vista, 7, 8 or 10 only) or `← Backspace` (Windows Explorer)	`⌘ Cmd`+`↑`	`Alt`+`↑`
Go to the starting page defined by the user or application	`Alt`+`Home`	`⌘ Cmd`+`Home`	`Ctrl`+`Home` (KDE) / `Alt`+`Home` (GNOME)	`Alt`+`Search`+`←`

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	Emacs-w3m	Vimperator	ChromeOS
Bookmarks menu	`Ctrl`+`B`	`⌘ Cmd`+`B` (Firefox)	`Alt`+`B`	`v`	`:bmarks`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`B`
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .com)	`Ctrl`+`↵ Enter`	`⌘ Cmd`+`↵ Enter`^{[notes 5]} (Firefox) or `Ctrl`+`↵ Enter`^{[notes 5]} (Chrome)	`Ctrl`+`↵ Enter`			`Ctrl`+`↵ Enter`
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .org)		`⇧ Shift`+`⌘ Cmd`+`↵ Enter`^{[notes 5]} (Firefox)	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`↵ Enter`
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .net)		`⇧ Shift`+`↵ Enter`^{[notes 5]} (Firefox)	`⇧ Shift`+`↵ Enter`
Add bookmark for current page	`Ctrl`+`D`	`⌘ Cmd`+`D`	`Ctrl`+`B` / `Ctrl`+`D`	`a`	`:bmark`	`Ctrl`+`D`
Add bookmark for current link				`Meta`+`a`
Manage bookmarks	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`O` (MS Edge/Chrome/Firefox) or `Ctrl`+`B` (Internet Explorer)	`⌘ Cmd`+`⌥ Opt`+`B` (Chrome/Safari) or `⌘ Cmd`+`⇧ Shift`+`B` (Firefox)	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`R` / `Ctrl`+`B`			`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`O`
Move focus to Web search bar	`Ctrl`+`E`	`⌘ Cmd`+`E` (Opera) or `⌘ Cmd`+`K` (Firefox) or `⌥ Opt`+`⌘ Cmd`+`F` (Safari/Chrome)	`Ctrl`+`k`		`t` (open in a new tab) or `T` (open in current tab)	`Ctrl`+`E` or `Ctrl`+`K`
Move focus to address bar	`Ctrl`+`L` or `F6` or `Alt`+`D`	`⌘ Cmd`+`L`	`Ctrl`+`L` or `Alt`+`D` or `F6`	`g`	`O` to alter URL, use `y` to copy it.	`Ctrl`+`L` or `Alt`+`D`
Refresh a webpage	`Fn`+`F5` or `Ctrl`+`R`	`⌘ Cmd`+`R`	`F5` or `Ctrl`+`R`	`R`	`r`	`⟲` or `Ctrl`+`R`
Refresh a webpage ignoring cache	`Ctrl`+`F5` or `Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`R`	`⌥ Opt`+`⌘ Cmd`+`E` then `⌘ Cmd`+`R`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`F5` or `Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`R`		`R`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`R`
Open a new window	`Ctrl`+`N`	`⌘ Cmd`+`N` (Chrome, hold shift to open new window in Incognito)	`Ctrl`+`N`		`:winopen`	`Ctrl`+`N`
Zoom Options (zoom in / zoom out / zoom 100%)	`Ctrl`+`+` / `Ctrl`+`-` / `Ctrl`+`0`	`⌘ Cmd`+`+` / `⌘ Cmd`+`-` / `⌘ Cmd`+`0`	`Ctrl`+`+` / `Ctrl`+`-` / `Ctrl`+`0`		`zi` / `zo` / `zz` (text only) or `zI` / `zO` / `zZ` (text and images)	`Ctrl`+`+` / `Ctrl`+`-` / `Ctrl`+`0`

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	Emacs-w3m	Vimperator	ChromeOS
New tab	`Ctrl`+`T`	`⌘ Cmd`+`T`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`N` or `Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`T` or `Ctrl`+`T`	`Ctrl`+`c`, then `Ctrl`+`t`	`t`	`Ctrl`+`T`
Close tab	`Ctrl`+`W`	`⌘ Cmd`+`W`	`Ctrl`+`W` Firefox^[22] & Opera^[23] & Chrome^[24] & GNOME Web^[25] & Midori `Ctrl`+`F4` Firefox^[22] & Opera^[23] & Chrome^[24]		`d`	`Ctrl`+`W`
Close all tabs but the current one		`⌘ Cmd`+`⌥ Opt`+`T` (Safari)		`Ctrl`+`c`, then `Meta`+`w`
Go to next tab	`Ctrl`+`Tab ↹`	`Ctrl`+`Tab ↹` or `⌘ Cmd`+`⇧ Shift`+`→` (Safari)	`Ctrl`+`PageDown` or `Ctrl`+`Tab ↹` or `Ctrl`+`.`	`Ctrl`+`c`, then `Ctrl`+`n`	`gt`	`Ctrl`+`Tab ↹`
Go to previous tab	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Tab ↹`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Tab ↹` or `⌘ Cmd`+`⇧ Shift`+`←` (Safari)	`Ctrl`+`PageUp` or `Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Tab ↹` or `Ctrl`+`,`	`Ctrl`+`c`, then `Ctrl`+`p`	`gT`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Tab ↹`
Go to tab- $n$ ^{[notes 9]}	`Ctrl`+`n`^{[notes 9]} (MS Edge,Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer)	`⌘ Cmd`+`n`^{[notes 9]} (Chrome)	`Alt`+`n`^{[notes 9]} (Chrome, Firefox) or `Ctrl`+`n`^{[notes 9]} (Chrome)		First tab: `g0` Last tab: `g$`	`Ctrl`+`b`
Go to last tab	`Ctrl`+`9` (Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer)	`⌘ Cmd`+`9` (Chrome)	`Alt`+`9` (Chrome, Firefox) or `Ctrl`+`9` (Chrome)		First tab: `g0` Last tab: `g$`	`Ctrl`+`b`
Move a tab to the left^{[notes 9]}	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Page Up` (MS Edge,Chrome, Firefox)
Move a tab to the right^{[notes 9]}	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Page Down` (MS Edge,Chrome, Firefox)
Open a previously closed tab	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`T`	`⌘ Cmd`+`⇧ Shift`+`T` (Firefox, Opera, Chrome)	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`T` (Firefox, Opera, Chrome)^[24]^[22]^[23]	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`T` (Firefox)^[22]	`u`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`T`
Open a previously closed window	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`N` (Firefox)^[22]					`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`T`
Close the current internet tab	`Ctrl`+`W`	`⌘ Cmd`+`F11`				`Ctrl`+`W`