Tequiraca language
Language spoken in Peru From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tequiraca (Tekiráka), also known as Abishira,[2] Aiwa (Aewa, Aʔɨwa), Ixignor,[3] or Vacacocha, is an extinct language once spoken in Peru. In 1925 there were between 50 and 80 speakers in Puerto Elvira on Lake Vacacocha (connected with the Napo River). It is presumed extinct some time in the mid 20th century, though in 2008 two rememberers were found and 160 words and short sentences were recorded.[4] Today, most ethnic Aiwa people have shifted to Kichwa and Spanish.[5]
The little data available show it to not be closely related to other languages, though a distant connection to Canichana was proposed by Kaufman (1994).
Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Taushiro, likely as a result of prehistoric contact within the circum-Marañón interaction sphere.[6]
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
| A | I | U | O | E | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | /a/ | /i/ | /u/ | /o/ | /ɛ/, /e/ |
| long | /aː/ | /i:/ | /u:/ | /o:/ | /ɛː/, /eː/ |
[:] is the verbalizer[clarification needed]
Vocabulary
Summarize
Perspective
Michael & Beier (2012)
Aiwa lexical items listed in Michael & Beier (2012):[8]
| gloss | Aiwa (aˈʔɨwa) |
|---|---|
| (my) husband | (kun) aˈʃap |
| (my) head | (kun) ˈhuti |
| (my) brother | (kun) auˈʃaʔ |
| (my) knee | (kun) kuˈpɨnu |
| 1st person pronoun | kun |
| 2nd person pronoun | kin |
| 3rd person pronoun, demonstrative | jan |
| agouti | aʃˈpali |
| alone, single | iˈʃam |
| approach | jaˈsik |
| autonym | aˈʔɨwa |
| ayahuasca | lukˈʔãk |
| barbasco (fish poison) | maˈlahi |
| basket | ˈhaʔu |
| bathe! | haɾ kin tsuk |
| big | tuˈkut |
| big head | hutuˈluk |
| big-bellied person | aˈɾuh tʃuˈluk |
| bird sp. (woodpecker) | isaˈɾawi |
| bird sp. (paujil) | wiˈkoɾõ |
| bird sp. (partridge) | hũʔˈʃũlũ |
| bird sp. (pucacunga) | ɾoˈʔele |
| bird sp. (vaca muchacho) | kʷãˈʔũli |
| blue and yellow macaw | alkahˈneke |
| breast | aˈkiʃ |
| caiman | amˈhala |
| canoe | aˈtɾewa |
| capuchin monkey sp. | ɾũtɾũˈkʲãwã |
| capuchin monkey sp. | waˈnaha |
| cat sp. (tigrillo) | hũhũkũˈpãʔ |
| cleared path | tasˈʔãʔĩ |
| clothing | kuhˈpaw |
| coati | ʃakˈɾaɾa |
| come! | ˈsikʷas |
| cooking fire | asˈkʷãwa |
| corn | suˈkala |
| cotton | nuiˈnui |
| deer | atɾiˈwaʔa |
| earth | ahulˈtaʔ |
| eat! | iˈtakʷas |
| eye | jaˈtuk |
| firewood | wiɾuˈkawa |
| garden | tahaˈɾũʔũ |
| give | ɨˈwɨt |
| have sex | hiˈtʃinuas |
| here | ˈhiɾwas |
| hit | ˈpɨwas |
| I am bathing | kun inˈtsukwas |
| jaguar | miˈala |
| leaf | iˈɾapi |
| little woman | aslantaˈnia |
| little, a little bit | iˈʃikta |
| masato, yuca beer | nutˈnɨt |
| monk saki monkey sp. | kʷɨˈɾiɾi |
| mosquito | wiˈʃala |
| no | ˈtʃahtaɾ |
| non-indigenous person | ˈpaɾi |
| penis | jatˈhaka |
| pepper | aˈlaha |
| potato variety | jaunaˈhi |
| red macaw | milahˈneke |
| see | uˈkaik |
| snake | auˈʔek |
| squirrel monkey | siˈaʔa |
| stingray sp. | hamˈham |
| stingray sp. | makɾaˈlasi |
| sugar cane | raiwãˈʔãk |
| sun, moon, God | akɾeˈwak |
| tamarin monkey | aslʲaˈʔãũ |
| tapir | ˈsahi |
| tree | ˈau |
| white-lipped peccary | ɾaˈkãʔõ |
| ? | niˈkʲaw |
Table comparing Aiwa (Tequiraca) with Waorani, Iquito, and Maijiki (mã́ḯhˈkì; Orejón) from Michael & Beier (2012):[8]
| gloss | Aiwa (aˈʔɨwa) | Waorani | Iquito | Maijiki (mã́ḯhˈkì) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| white-lipped peccary | ɾaˈkãʔõ | ˈɨɾæ̃ | anitáaki | bɨ́ɾɨ́ |
| tapir | ˈsahi | ˈtitæ | pɨsɨ́kɨ | békɨ́ |
| collared peccary | iˈhaɾa | ˈãmũ | kaáʃi | káókwã̀ |
| deer | atɾiˈwaʔ | koˈwãnʲɪ | ʃikʲáaha | nʲámà, bósá |
| red macaw | milahˈneke | ˈæ̃wæ̃ | anápa | má |
| mosquito | wiˈʃala | ˈgʲijɪ | anaáʃi | mɨ́tè |
| (my) mother | (kun) ˈama | ˈbaɾã | áni, (ki) niatíha | (jì) hàkò, bɨ́ákò |
| (my) father | (kun) ha | ˈmæ̃mpo | ákɨ, (ki) kakɨ́ha | (jì) hàkɨ̀, bɨ́ákɨ̀ |
| person, compatriot | aˈʔɨwa | waɨɤˈɾãni | árata ɨyáana | mã́ĩ́ |
| (my) husband | (kun) aˈʃap | nãnɨˈɡæ̃ŋã | ahaáha, (ki) níjaaka | (jì) ɨ̃́hɨ̃́ |
| head | ˈhuti | ɨˈkabu | ánaka | tʃṍbɨ̀ |
| ear | ʃuˈɾala | ɨ̃nɨ̃ˈmɨ̃ŋka | túuku | ɡã́hòɾò |
| breast | aˈkiʃ | ɤɨˈɨ̃mæ̃ | ʃipɨɨ́ha | óhéjò |
| pepper (hot or sweet) | aˈlaha | ˈɡʲĩmũ | napɨ́ki | bíà |
| cotton | nuiˈnui | ˈdajɨ̃ | sɨ́wɨ | jɨ́í |
| leaf | iˈɾapi | ɨ̃ˈnʲabu, ɨdʲɨ̃ | iímɨ, naámɨ | hàò |
| plantain | aˈlaʔa | pæ̃ˈæ̃næ̃ | samúkʷaati | ò |
| corn | suˈkala | kaˈɤĩŋɨ̃ | siíkiraha | béà |
| cooking fire | asˈkʷãwa | ˈɡɨ̃ŋa | iinámi | tóà |
| canoe | aˈtɾewa | ˈwipu | iímina | jóù |
| house | atˈku, atˈkua | ˈɨ̃ŋkɨ̃ | íita | wè |
| firewood | wiɾuˈkawa | tɪ̃ˈnɪ̃wæ̃ | háraki | héká |
| yuca or corn beer | nutˈnɨt | ˈtɪpæ̃ | itíniiha | gónó |
| stone | nuˈklahi | ˈdika | sawíha | ɨ́nò, ɡɨ́nò |
| sun | akreˈwak | ˈnæ̃ŋkɪ | nunamíja | mã́ĩ̀ |
| small | iˈʃikta | ˈɡʲiijã | sɨsanuríka | jàɾì |
| what? | iˈkiɾi | kʲĩnɨ̃ | saáka | ɨ̃́ɡè |
| where? | ˈnahɾi | æjɨ̃ˈmɨ̃nɨ̃ | tɨɨ́ti | káɾó |
| no | ˈtʃahtar | ˈwĩĩ | kaa | -mà |
| come! | sik, ˈsikʷas | ˈpũɪ | aníma | dáímà |
Loukotka (1968)
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Auishiri.[3]
| gloss | Auishiri |
|---|---|
| one | ismáwa |
| two | kismáõ |
| head | a-waréke |
| eye | o-toroã |
| woman | aslané |
| fire | yaháong |
| sun | akroák |
| maize | sukála |
| house | atkúa |
| white | sukeé |
Sources
- Hammarström, Harald. 2010. "The status of the least documented language families in the world". In Language Documentation & Conservation, v. 4, p. 183.
- Fabre, Alain. 2005. Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: AWSHIRI.
- Michael, Lev; Beier, Christine. (2012). Phonological sketch and classification of Aewa. (Manuscript).
- Earlier lexical sources
- Tessmann, Günter. 1930. Die Indianer Nordost-Perus: Grundlegende Forschungen für eine Systematische Kulturkunde. Hamburg: Friederichsen, De Gruyter & Co. (112 lexical items)
- Espinoza, Lucas. 1955. Contribuciones lingüísticas y etnográficas sobre algunos pueblos indígenas del Amazonas peruano. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Bernardino de Sahagún. (17 lexical items)
- Villarejo, Avencio. 1959. La selva y el hombre. Editorial Ausonia. (93 lexical items)
References
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