Tetelcingo Nahuatl

Tetelcingo Nahuatl, called Mösiehuali̱ by its speakers, is a Nahuatl variety of central Mexico. It is one of the core varieties closely related to Classical Nahuatl. It is spoken in the town of Tetelcingo, Morelos, and the adjacent Colonia Cuauhtémoc and Colonia Lázaro Cárdenas. These three population centers lie to the north of Cuautla, Morelos and have been largely absorbed into its urban area; as a result the Tetelcingo language and culture are under intense pressure.

Tetelcingo Nahuatl
Mösiehuali̱
Pronunciation	[mɔᵃsⁱeˈwalɪ]
Native to	Mexico
Region	Morelos
Native speakers	(3,500 cited 1990 census)[1]
Language family	Uto-Aztecan Aztecan (Nahuan) Nahuatl Central Nahuatl Nuclear Tetelcingo Nahuatl
Language codes
ISO 639-3	nhg
Glottolog	tete1251
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In 1935 William Cameron Townsend published a study of Mösiehuali̱, and a number of other studies have been published since then.

Phonology

Vowels

Tetelcingo Nahuatl has converted the distinction of vowel quantity found in more conservative varieties into one of vowel quality. The short vowels /i e a o/ are reflected as [ɪ e a o] (orthographically i̱ e a o) in Tetelcingo, while the long vowels /iː eː aː oː/ become [i ⁱe ɔᵃ u] (orthographically i, ie, ö, u).

“Short” Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	ɪ ⟨i̱⟩
Mid	e ⟨e⟩		o ⟨o⟩
Open		a ⟨a⟩

“Long” Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ⟨i⟩		u ⟨u⟩
Mid	ⁱe ⟨ie⟩
Open			ɔᵃ ⟨ö⟩

Consonants

	Labial	Apical		Palato- alveolar	Velar		Glottal
		Central	Lateral		Unrounded	Rounded
Nasal	m ⟨m⟩	n ~ ŋ ⟨n⟩
Plosive	p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩			k ⟨c ~ qu⟩	kʷ ⟨cu⟩
Affricate		ts ⟨tz⟩	tɬ ⟨tl⟩	tʃ ⟨ch⟩
Fricative	w ~ ʋ ~ β ~ v ~ ɸ ~ w̥ ⟨hu/u/b/f⟩	s ⟨s⟩		ʃ ⟨x⟩			h ~ χ ⟨j⟩
Approximant		ɾ ⟨r⟩	l ~ ɬ ⟨l⟩	j ⟨y⟩

Tetelcingo Nahuatl, like many dialects of Nahuatl, does not have voiced obstruent consonants (with one clear exception: the stem /maga/, meaning 'fight' is derived from /maka/ 'give, hit'). Voiced obstruents and other non-native consonants do occur in loanwords from Spanish, however, and there are many such words in the language.^[2]

Honorifics

See also: Nahuatl honorifics

Another striking characteristic of Tetelcingo Nahuatl is the pervasiveness and complexity of its honorifics. Generally every 2nd or 3rd person verb, pronoun, postposition or possessed noun must be marked honorifically if its subject or object, designatum, object or possessor (respectively) is a living adult (the speaker's wife or adult children being exceptions). Extra-honorific forms of several kinds exist, especially for addressing or referring to godparental relations, high officials or God. Many third person honorifics use morphemes that in Classical Nahuatl were used to mark non-active (passive) verbs or unspecified or plural participants. Not infrequently a different (suppletive) stem is used for honorifics, or the honorific form is in some other way irregular.

A few examples are given below, using the orthography of Brewer and Brewer 1962. Where more than one form is listed, the second is more highly honorific.

Stem Meaning	2nd person sg	2nd person sg honorific	3rd person sg	3rd person sg honorific
pronoun	taja	tejuatzi	yaja	yejuatzi
one's house	mocal	mocaltzi	ical	tiecal, tiecaltzi
before	mixpa	mixpantzinco	ixpa	tieixpa, tieixpantzinco
go	ti̱ya	tomobica	yabi̱	biloa, mobica
come	ti̱bitz	ti̱mobicatz, ti̱hualmobica	i̱bitz	biloatz, hualmobica
notice it, get it (a point)	ti̱qui̱jti̱li̱a	tomojti̱li̱li̱a	qui̱jti̱li̱a	qui̱jti̱lilo
say it	ti̱qui̱jtoa	tomojtalfi̱a	qui̱jtoa	qui̱jtulo