The End of Ideology

The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties is a collection of essays published in 1960 (New York, 2nd ed. 1962) by Daniel Bell, who described himself as a "socialist in economics, a liberal in politics, and a conservative in culture." He suggests that the older, grand-humanistic ideologies derived from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries had been exhausted and that new, more parochial ideologies would soon arise. He argues that political ideology has become irrelevant among "sensible" people and that the polity of the future would be driven by piecemeal technological adjustments of the extant system.^[1] With the rise of affluent welfare states and institutionalized bargaining between different groups, Bell maintains, revolutionary movements which aim to overthrow liberal democracy will no longer be able to attract the working classes.^[2]

The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties

First edition
Author	Daniel Bell
Genre	Non-fiction
Publisher	Free Press
Publication date	1960

Theory

In the 1930s, scholars debated the continued relevance of Marxist theories of class-based ideologies. These discussions influenced the literature of the period, even in the less reductionist version set forth in most of Karl Mannheim's "Ideology and Utopia." However, his essay on "Utopia" does envision a loss of both utopian and ideological vision. Fascism rather than communism initially posed the question, insofar as the simplification of Fascism as "ideology" of the capitalist class lost credibility.

A group of thinkers focused on the concept of "mass society," arguing that control and resistance were not primarily driven by ideology (Emil Lederer, "The State of Mass Society"). Although much of this was conjoined with conservative arguments about the "revolt of the masses," there was also a current that looked to pragmatic problem solving where Fascism (and increasingly Communism) could be resisted or contained. Mannheim's writings on "planning" may have encouraged this trend, though not always clearly. Daniel Bell represented a later generation, which developed more sophisticated ideas about integrating expertise into democratic political processes, as in the work of "pluralist" political theorists like David Truman, Robert Dahl and Daniel Bell. Technocratic notions at home on the Right played little part.

See also

• The End of History and the Last Man
• Francis Fukuyama
• Jürgen Habermas

Further reading

• Strand, Daniel (2016). No Alternatives: The End of Ideology in the 1950s and the Post-political World of the 1990s. Stockholm: Stockholm University. ISBN 978-91-7649-483-7.
• Brick, Howard (1986). Daniel Bell and the Decline of Intellectual Radicalism: Social Theory and Political Reconciliation in the 1940s. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-10550-1.