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Tolbachik

Volcano in eastern Russia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Tolbachik (Russian: Толбачик) is a volcanic complex on the Kamchatka Peninsula in the far east of Russia. It consists of two volcanoes, Plosky (flat) Tolbachik (3,085 m) and Ostry (sharp) Tolbachik (3,672 m), which as the names suggest are respectively a flat-topped shield volcano and a peaked stratovolcano.[4] As Ostry is the mountain's highest point, the entire mountain is often referred to as "Ostry Tolbachik", not to be confused with Ostry, a separate volcano to the north also on the Kamchatka Peninsula.

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Its eruptive history stretches back thousands of years, but the most notable eruption occurred in 1975, commonly known as "The Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption". It was preceded by an earthquake swarm, which led to a successful prediction of the eruption by scientists from the Russian Institute of Volcanology. The eruption created several new cinder cones, and in terms of volume of lava emitted, was Kamchatka's largest basaltic eruption in historic times.

On November 27, 2012 a strombolian type eruption started from two fissures. Basaltic lava flows move relatively fast, and quickly flooded buildings 4 km away. The eruption continued for more than a month, as lava continued to flow from the fissures.[5][6][7] Lava flowed up to 20 kilometers (12 miles) from the line of fissures on the volcano's southern flank. According to the Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team, the eruption ended September 15, 2013. Several lava caves were formed as a result of the 2012–2013 eruption.

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Mineralogy

The fumarole deposits of Tolbachik are rich in exotic minerals and, as of September 2017, 100 new minerals have been first described here including alarsite and tolbachite.[8]

Views

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Ostry Tolbachik (left) and Plosky Tolbachik (right) from the south-southwest, taken on July 26, 2015
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360° panorama on top of a cinder cone from the 1975 eruption. The peak of Ostry Tolbachik can be found in the clouds on the right.
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Tolbachik (third from right) with Klyuchevskoi erupting in the background. Adjacent volcanoes are Ushkovsky, Bezymianny, Zimina, and Udina. Oblique view taken on November 16, 2013 from ISS.[9]

See also

References

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